Cell adhesion inhibitors

ABSTRACT

A cell adhesion inhibitor of the general formula: 
 
R 3 -L-L′-R 1  
is disclosed. An inhibitor of the present invention interacts with VLA-4 molecules and inhibits VLA-4 dependent cell adhesion. Also disclosed are methods for preparing and using such a cell adhesion inhibitor, as well as pharmaceutical compositions containing the same.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 10/677,756, filed Oct. 3, 2003, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/638,652, filed Aug. 14, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,630,503, which claims priority to provisional U.S. application Ser. No. 60/148,845, filed Aug. 13, 1999, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND

Cell adhesion is a process by which cells associate with each other, migrate towards a specific target or localize within the extra-cellular matrix. As such, cell adhesion constitutes one of the fundamental mechanisms underlying numerous biological phenomena. For example, cell adhesion is responsible for the adhesion of hematopoietic cells to endothelial cells and the subsequent migration of those hemopoietic cells out of blood vessels and to the site of injury. As such, cell adhesion plays a role in pathologies such as inflammation and immune reactions in mammals.

Investigations into the molecular basis for cell adhesion have revealed that various cell-surface macromolecules—collectively known as cell adhesion molecules or receptors—mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. For example, proteins of the superfamily called “integrins” are key mediators in adhesive interactions between hematopoietic cells and their microenvironment (M. E. Hemler, “VLA Proteins in the Integrin Family: Structures, Functions, and Their Role on Leukocytes.”, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, p. 365 (1990)). Integrins are non-covalent heterodimeric complexes consisting of two subunits called α and β. There are at least 12 different α subunits (α1-α6, α-L, α-M, α-X, α-IIB, α-V and α-E) and at least 9 different β (β1-β9) subunits. Based on the type of its a and 1 subunit components, each integrin molecule is categorized into a subfamily.

α4β1 integrin, also known as very late antigen-4 (“VLA-4”), CD49d/CD29, is a leukocyte cell surface receptor that participates in a wide variety of both cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesive interactions (M. E. Hemler, Ann. Rev. Immunol., 8, p. 365 (1990)). It serves as a receptor for the cytokine-inducible endothelial cell surface protein, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (“VCAM-1”), as well as to the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin (“FN”) (Ruegg et al., J. Cell Biol., 177, p. 179 (1991); Wayner et al., J. Cell Biol., 105, p. 1873 (1987); Kramer et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264, p. 4684 (1989); Gehlsen et al. Science, 24, p. 1228 (1988)). Anti-VLA4 monoclonal antibodies (“mAb's”) have been shown to inhibit VLA4-dependent adhesive interactions both in vitro and in vivo (Ferguson et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., 88, p. 8072 (1991); Ferguson et al., J. Immunol., 150, p. 1172 (1993)). Results of in vivo experiments suggest that this inhibition of VLA-4-dependent cell adhesion may prevent or inhibit several inflammatory and autoimmune pathologies (R. L. Lobb et al., “The Pathophysiologic Role of α4 Integrins In Vivo”, J. Clin. Invest., 94, pp. 1722-28 (1994)).

Despite these advances, there remains a need for small, specific inhibitors of VLA-4-dependent cell adhesion. Ideally, such inhibitors may be orally administered. Such compounds would provide useful agents for treatment, prevention or suppression of various pathologies mediated by cell adhesion and VLA-4 binding.

SUMMARY

The present invention relates to novel non-peptidic compounds that specifically inhibit the binding of ligands to VLA-4. These compounds are useful for inhibition, prevention and suppression of VLA-4-mediated cell adhesion and pathologies associated with that adhesion, such as inflammation and immune reactions. The compounds of this invention may be used alone or in combination with other therapeutic or prophylactic agents to inhibit, prevent or suppress cell adhesion. This invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions containing the compounds of this invention and methods of using the compounds and compositions of the invention for inhibition of cell adhesion.

According to one embodiment of this invention, these novel compounds, compositions and methods are advantageously used to treat inflammatory and immune diseases. The present invention also provides methods for preparing the compounds of this invention and intermediates therefor.

An aspect of this invention relates to cell adhesion inhibitors of formula (I): R³-L-L′-R¹  (1)

R¹ is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl.

L′ is a hydrocarbon linker moiety having 1-5 carbon chain atoms and is (i) optionally interrupted by, or terminally attached to, one or more (e.g., 1, 2, or 3) of the following groups: —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(C)—, C(O)—O—, —O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —NR^(c)—C(NR^(m))—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, and -Cy; or (ii) optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from R^(b).

L is a hydrocarbon linker moiety having 1-14 carbon chain atoms and is (i) optionally interrupted by, or terminally attached to, one or more (e.g., 1-5, 1-4, or 1-3) of the following groups: —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—O—, —O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O+13, —NR^(c)—, Cy; or (ii) optionally substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from R^(b).

R³ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-fused cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryl-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl, cycloalkenyl-substituted cycloalkyl, biaryl, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aralkoxy, aryl-substituted alkenoxy, aryl-substituted alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, aryl-substituted alkylamino, aryl-substituted alkenylamino, aryl-substituted alkynylamino, aryloxy, arylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-substituted alkyl, heterocyclyl-substituted amino, carboxyalkyl substituted aralkyl, or oxocarbocyclyl-fused aryl; or R³ is a moiety of formula (i):

Y⁵ is —CO—, —O—CO—, —SO₂— or —PO₂—.

Each of R⁴ and R⁶, independently, is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-fused cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryl-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl, cycloalkenyl-substituted cycloalkyl, biaryl, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aralkoxy, aryl-substituted alkenoxy, aryl-substituted alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino, alkynylamino, aryl-substituted alkylamino, aryl-substituted alkenylamino, aryl-substituted alkynylamino, aryloxy, arylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-substituted alkyl, heterocyclyl-substituted amino, carboxyalkyl substituted aralkyl, oxocarbocyclyl-fused aryl, or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, glutamine, S-methyl cysteine, methionine and corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives thereof, cyclohexylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, alanine, ornithine, histidine, glutamine, norvaline, valine, threonine, serine, beta-cyanoalanine, 2-aminobutyric acid and allothreonine.

R⁵ is hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or aryl-substituted alkyl. Note that R⁵ and R⁶ may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycle of 5 to 7 members.

Each of the above-stated Cy represents cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. Each of the above-stated alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b). Further, each of the above-stated cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b).

R^(a) is selected from the group consisting of: Cy (which is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b)), —OR^(c), —NO₂, -halogen, —S(O)_(m)R^(c), —SR^(c), —S(O)₂OR^(c), —S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)R^(d), —O(CR^(e)R^(f))_(n)NR^(c)R^(d), —C(O(R^(d), —CO₂Rc, —P(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —P(O)(R^(c))(OR^(d)), S(O)_(m)OR^(c), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(j), —CO₂(CR^(e)R^(f))_(n)CONR^(c)R^(d), —OC(O)R^(c), —CN, —NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), —OC(O)NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)OR^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)NR^(d)R^(e), —CR^(c)(NOR^(d)), —CF₃, —OCF₃, and oxo.

R^(b) is a group selected from R^(a), C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, and heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with a group independently selected from R^(g).

Each of R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), and R^(f), independently, is selected from H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, and Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and Cy is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(g).

R^(g) is halogen, amino (including —NH₂, (mono- or di-)alkylamino, (mono- or di-) alkenylamino, (mono- or di-)alkynylamino, (mono- or di-)cycloalkylamino, (mono- or di-) cycloalkenylamino, (mono- or di-)heterocyclylamino, (mono- or di-)arylamino, and (mono- or di-)heteroarylamino), carboxy, —COO—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —P(O)(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —SO₂—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —CO—NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C₁₋₄ alkoxy, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxy, CF₃, and aryloxy.

R^(m) is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₁₋₁₀ acyl, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl-sulfonyl, or C₁₋₁₀ alkoxy.

R^(j) is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, cyano, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or —SO₂R^(k) (with R^(k) being C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, or aryl).

R^(c) and R^(d) can be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached and optionally form a heterocyclic ring of 5 to 7 members that contains 0-2 additional heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S. Similarly, R^(e) and R^(f) can be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached optionally form a ring of 5 to 7 members that contains 0-2 additional heteroatoms independently selected from O, S and N.

m is 0, 1, or 2; and n is an integer from 1 to 10.

Note that when L is saturated (e.g., a C₁₋₄ alkylene chain) and has 1-4 carbon chain atoms, L must contain a heteroatom selected from O, S, and N; or R³ must contain the moiety o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—; or R¹ must contain only one cyclic group (e.g., cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl).

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention contain R¹ with the formula: Z¹-L^(a)-Z²-, wherein Z¹ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; L^(a) is —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—O—, —O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR ^(c)—, or a bond (m, R^(c) and R^(d) have been defined above); and Z² is cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl or a bond. In one embodiment, Z¹ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —SO₂—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond; and Z² is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, Z¹ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₅ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₅ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₅ alkyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —SO₂—, or a bond; and Z² is heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₅ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, Z¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, aryl-substituted alkenyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, or —SO₂—; and Z² is heterocyclyl or a bond.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention contain R¹ of formula (ii):

wherein R⁹ is C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl; each of R¹⁰ and R¹¹, independently, is hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or aryl-substituted alkyl; and R¹² is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl. Cy has the same definition as stated above. Each of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(a), and aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b). R^(a) and R^(b) have been defined above. Note that R¹¹, R¹² and the carbon to which they are attached optionally form a 3-7 membered mono- or bicyclic ring containing 0-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention contain R¹ of formula (iii):

wherein R¹⁴ is C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl; R¹⁵ is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; each of R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸, independently, is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, or a group selected from R^(a). Cy has the same meaning as stated above (i.e., Cy represents cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl) is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b) or one of the following groups: —NR^(c)C(O)NR^(c)SO₂R^(d), —NR^(c)S(O)_(m)R^(d), —OS(O)₂OR^(c), or —OP(O)(OR^(c))₂. R^(b) has been defined above. Two of R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸, when attached to a common ring atom, together with the common ring atom optionally form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated monocyclic ring containing zero to three heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S. Two of R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸, when attached to two adjacent ring atoms, together with these two ring atoms optionally form a 5-7 membered saturated or unsaturated monocyclic ring containing zero to three heteroatoms selected from N, O, or S. The ring

represents a 3-7 membered saturated or unsaturated heterocyclyl or heteroaryl wherein each of Z, A, B₁ and B₂, independently, is a bond, —C—, —C—C—, —C═C—, a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, O, and S, or —S(O)_(m)— (with m being 0, 1, or 2). Y⁷ is —C(O)—, —C(O)O—, —C(O)NR^(c)—, —S(O)₂—, —P(O)(OR^(c)), or —C(O)—C(O)—. R^(c) has the same meaning as stated above. Each of the alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(a), and each Cy is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b). R^(a) and R^(b) have been defined above. In one embodiment, the ring

in formula (ii), supra, represents azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, pyrazole, triazole, pyridine, piperidine, pyrazine, piperazine, pyrimidine, oxazole, thiazole, or morpholine. In one embodiment, the just-mentioned ring represents azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, piperidine, or morpholine. In one embodiment, the just-mentioned ring represents pyrrolidine. In one embodiment, R¹⁵ is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl. In one embodiment, each of R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸, independently, is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy, —OR^(c), -halogen, —S(O)_(m)R^(c), —NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)OR^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)NR^(d)R^(e), or oxo (each of R^(c), R^(d), R^(e), and m have been defined above). In one embodiment, Y⁷ is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, or —SO₂— (e.g., Y⁷ is —SO₂—). In one embodiment, R¹⁴ is Cy or Cy-C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., R¹⁴ is phenyl).

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention contain L′ having 2-4 (e.g., 2 or 3) carbon chain atoms.

In one embodiment, L′ is of formula (iv):

wherein Y¹ is —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—O—, —O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m), —S(O)₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, —NR^(c)—C(NR^(m))—, —O—, or —NR^(c)— (R^(c), R^(d), R^(m), and m have been defined above); R² is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))—, wherein each of R^(h) and R^(i), independently, is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, and R^(h) and R^(i) can be taken together with the carbon to which they are attached to form a 3-7 membered ring containing 0-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O and S; X is —C(O)OR^(c), —P(O)(OR^(c))(OR^(d)), —P(O)(R^(c))(OR^(d)), —S(O)_(m)OR^(c), —C(O)NR^(c)R^(j), or -5-tetrazolyl. m have been defined above. Each of said alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(a); each of aryl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b); and Cy is a cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl. R^(a) and R^(b) have been defined above. Note that when Y² is not a bond, X is —COOH, —COO—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —P(O)(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —SO₂—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —CO—NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, or -5-tetrazolyl. In one embodiment, Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(m))—. In one embodiment, Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)— (e.g., —NH—CO— or —N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)-CO—; with the carbonyl group attaching to R¹). In one embodiment, R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl. In one embodiment, R² is H. In one embodiment, Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))—, wherein each of R^(h) and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl. In one embodiment, Y² is a bond or —CH₂—. In one embodiment, X is —C(O)OR^(c) (e.g., —COOH or —COO—C₁₋₅ alkyl such as —COO—CH₃ or —COO—CH₂CH₃) or —C(O)NR^(c)R^(j)—. In one embodiment, Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)— (e.g., —NH—CO—); R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., H); Y² is a bond or —CH₂— (e.g., a bond); and X is —C(O)OR^(c) where each R^(c) is independently H or C₁₋₅ alkyl.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention contain L having 4-10 (e.g., 4-8 or 4-6) carbon chain atoms.

In one embodiment, L is of formula (v):

wherein Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)O—, —O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —S(O)₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))_, —O—, or —NR^(c)— (R^(c), R^(d), and m have been defined above). Each of a alkenyl, and alkynyl is optionally containing (interrupted by or terminally attached to) one to four heteroatoms selected from N, O, S, and —S(O)_(m)—; and each of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(a). Each of aryl and heteroaryl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b). R^(a), R^(b), R^(c), R^(d), and m have been defined above. Note that each of Y³ and Y⁴ is not a bond simultaneously. In one embodiment, Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl (e.g., Y³ is a bond or C₁₋₅ alkyl); and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y⁴ is —C(O)—NH—).

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention contain R³ with the formula: Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴-, wherein Z³ is Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; L^(b) is —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —O—O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond defined above); and Z⁴ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl or a bond; or R³ is a moiety of formula (i):

each of m, R^(c), R^(d) R⁴, R⁵, R⁶, and Y⁵ have been defined in claim 1. In one embodiment, R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, wherein Z⁵ is Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—O—, —O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond; and Z⁶ is cycloalkyl, cycloalkyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, cycloalkenyl, cycloalkenyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl or a bond. R^(c), R^(d), m have been defined above. In one embodiment, each of Z³ and Z⁵, independently, is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; each of L^(b) and L^(c), independently, is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)——NR^(c)—, —SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond; and each of Z⁴ and Z⁶, independently, is aryl, aryl-C alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, each of Z³ and Z⁵, independently, is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; each of L^(b) and L^(c), independently, is —C(O)—, —SO₂—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, or —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—; where each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and each of Z⁴ and Z⁶, independently, is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, each of Z³ and Z⁵, independently, is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl); each of L^(b) and L^(c), independently, is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)— (e.g., —NH—CO—NH—, —N(methyl)-CO—NH—, or —NH—CO—N(methyl)-); and each of Z⁴ and Z⁶, independently, is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl). In one embodiment, Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO— (e.g., —CO—). In one embodiment, R⁵ is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., H, methyl, or ethyl). In one embodiment, R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of cyclohexylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, alanine, norvaline, valine, and 2-aminobutyric acid. In one embodiment, R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine, and 2-aminobutyric acid. In one embodiment, R⁶ is the side chain of leucine or isoleucine.

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) contain R¹ with the formula Z¹-L^(a)-Z², wherein Z¹ is aryl (e.g., phenyl) optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, or —SO₂— (e.g., —SO₂—); and Z² is a bond, heteroaryl, heterocyclyl (e.g., azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, piperidine, or morpholine); L′ with formula (Iv), supra, wherein Y, is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))—; R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))—; and X is —C(O)OR^(c); where each of R^(c), R^(h), and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y¹ is —NH—C(O)—; R² is H; Y² is a bond; and X is —C(O)OH); L with formula (v), supra, wherein Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y³ is a bond or C₁₋₅ alkyl and Y⁴ is —C(O)—NH—); and R³ with the formula Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴- or formula (i), supra. When R³ is of formula (i), R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, wherein Z⁵ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond, with R^(c) and R^(d), independently, being H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and Z⁶ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, Z⁵ is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl); L^(c) is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)— (e.g., —NH—CO—NH— or —NH—CO—N(methyl)-); and Z⁶ is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl). In one embodiment, R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—. In one embodiment, Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO— (e.g., —CO—). In one embodiment, R⁵ is H or C₁₋₂ alkyl. In one embodiment, R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine, and 2-aminobutyric acid (e.g., leucine or isoleucine).

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) contain R¹ with formula (ii), supra, wherein R⁹ is C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, or Cy-C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl (e.g., aryl or heteroaryl); each of R¹⁰ and R¹¹, independently, is hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or aryl-substituted alkyl (e.g., H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl); and R¹² is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl (e.g., H, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, heterocyclyl, or aryl). Cy has the same definition as stated above. Each of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(a), and aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b) (e.g., halogen). R^(a) and R^(b) have been defined above. Note that R¹¹, R¹² and the carbon to which they are attached optionally form a 3-7 membered mono- or bicyclic ring containing 0-2 heteroatoms selected from N, O, and S. In this embodiment, the compounds also contain L′ with formula (Iv), supra, wherein Y, is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))—; R² is H o C(R^(h))(R^(i))—; and X is —C(O)OR^(c); where each of R^(c), R^(h), and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y¹ is —NH—C(O)—; R² is H; Y² is a bond; and X is —C(O)OH); and L with formula (v), supra, wherein Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y³ is a bond or C₁₋₅ alkyl and Y⁴ is —C(O)—NH—); and R³ with the formula Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴- or formula (i), supra. When R³ is of formula (i), R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, wherein Z⁵ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d), —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond, with R^(c) and R^(d), independently, being H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and Z⁶ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, Z⁵ is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl); L^(c) is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)— (e.g., —NH—CO—NH— or —NH—CO—N(methyl)-); and Z⁶ is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl). In one embodiment, R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—. In one embodiment, Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO— (e.g., —CO—). In one embodiment, R⁵ is H or C₁₋₂ alkyl. In one embodiment, R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine, and 2-aminobutyric acid (e.g., leucine or isoleucine).

In one embodiment, the compounds of formula (I) contain R¹ with formula (iii), supra, wherein R¹⁴ is Cy or Cy-C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., R¹⁴ is phenyl); R¹⁵ is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; each of R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸, independently, is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, Cy, —OR^(c), -halogen, —S(O)_(m)R^(c), —NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)OR^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)NR^(d)R^(e), or oxo (two of R¹⁶, R¹⁷, and R¹⁸, when attached to two adjacent ring atoms, together with these two ring atoms optionally form a 5-7 membered cycloalkyl, heterocyclyl, aryl or heteroaryl); the ring

represents azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, piperidine, or morpholine (e.g., pyrrolidine); Y⁷ is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, or —SO₂— (e.g., Y⁷ is —SO₂—). The compounds also contain L′ with formula (iv), supra, wherein Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))—; R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))—; and X is —C(O)OR^(c); where each of R^(c), R^(h), and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y¹ is —NH—C(O)—; R² is H; Y² is a bond; and X is —C(O)OH); and L with formula (v), supra, wherein Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl (e.g., Y³ is a bond or C₁₋₅ alkyl and Y⁴ is —C(O)—NH—); and R³ with the formula Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴- or formula (i), supra. When R³ is of formula (i), R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, wherein Z⁵ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond, with R^(c) and R^(d), independently, being H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and Z⁶ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or a bond. In one embodiment, Z⁵ is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl); L^(c) is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)— (e.g., —NH—CO—NH— or —NH—CO—N(methyl)-); and Z⁶ is aryl (e.g., phenyl or naphthyl). In one embodiment, R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—. In one embodiment, Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO— (e.g., —CO—). In one embodiment, R⁵ is H or C₁₋₂ alkyl. In one embodiment, R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine, and 2-aminobutyric acid (e.g., leucine or isoleucine).

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention are of formula (I) wherein R¹ is aryl or heterocyclyl-SO₂-aryl (e.g., pyrrolidine-SO₂-phenyl optionally substituted with alkyl or halo such as chloro, bromo, or iodo); L′ is of formula (iv), supra, wherein Y¹ is —NH—CO—, —NH—, or —NH—C(NR^(m))—NH—, R² is H, Y² is a bond or —CH₂—, and X is COOH; L is of formula (v), supra, wherein Y³ is —(CH₂)₀₋₅—, and Y⁴ is —CO—NH—; and R³ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂— or of formula (i), supra, wherein R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—, Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO— (e.g., —CO—), R⁵ is H or methyl, and R⁶ is the side chain of leucine or isoleucine.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention contain L′ and L as linker moiety, preferably composed of a chain containing C, O, S, or N atoms which link R¹ and R³ and allow both R¹ and R³ to interact, preferably bind, the VLA-4 molecule.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention have two terminally-located moieties of the formula Z^(α)-L^(α)-Z^(β)-. Each of Z^(α) and Z^(β), independently, is an optionally substituted Cy, and L^(α) is a bond, or a linker moiety connecting Z^(α) and Z^(β) and can contain —C(O)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—O—C(O)—NR^(c)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —S(O)₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))_, —O—, or —NR^(c)—. By “terminally-located” is meant that the moiety is monovalently attached to the rest of the molecule.

In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention have an IC₅₀ of 5 nM or below, 2 nM or below, 1 nM or below, or 0.5 nM or below. IC₅₀ values can be determined by binding assays as described below or other known conventional methods. In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention have a % bound to the Mn activated form of VLA-4 molecules of 50% or higher, 75% or higher, 90% or higher, or 95% or higher. In one embodiment, the compounds of the invention have a % bound to the Ca/Mg activated form of VLA-4 molecules of 50% or higher, 75% or higher, 90% or higher, or 95% or higher. % bound to the VLA-4 molecules can be determined by biological assays as described below.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention are of formula (II):

wherein each of R¹, Y¹, Y², X, Y³, Y⁴, and R³ have been defined above.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention is of formula (III):

Each of R²¹ and R²², independently, is Cy, —OR^(c), —NO₂, -halogen, —S(O)_(m)R^(c), —SR^(c), —S(O)₂OR^(c), —S(O)₂NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)R^(d)—O(CR^(e)R^(f))_(n)NR^(c)R^(d), —C(O)R^(c), —CO_(—OC(O)R) ^(c), —CN, —C(O)NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)R^(d), —OC(O)NR^(c)R^(d), —NR^(c)C(O)OR^(d), —R^(c)C(O)NR^(d)R^(e), —CR^(c)(NOR^(d)), —CF₃, —OCF₃, oxo, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, heteroaryl assignable to R²¹ or R²² is optionally substituted with a group independently selected from R^(g). R²³ is H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, heteroaryl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl assignable to R²³ is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(a), and aryl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(b). R^(a), R^(b) and R^(g) have been defined above.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention are of formula (IV):

wherein each of R¹, Y¹, R², Y², X, Y³, Y⁴, and R³ have been defined above.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention are of formula (V):

wherein each of R¹, Y¹, Y², X, Y³, Y⁴, R⁶, R⁵, Y⁵ and R⁴ have been defined above.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention are of formula (VI):

wherein each of R¹, X, Y³, Y⁴, R⁶, R⁵, and R⁴ have been defined above.

In one embodiment, the compounds of this invention are of formula (VII):

wherein each of R¹, X, Y³, R⁶, R⁵, and R⁴ have been defined above.

Set forth below are some examples of a compound of this invention. For convenience, the nitrogen atom and the carbon atom in the column “N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)” represents the α-nitrogen and the α-carbon atoms of the amino acid as indicated. For example, an entry “Leu” indicates that R⁵ is H and R⁶ is isobutyl.

BIO # R3/R4 Y5 N(R5)CHR8CO2 Y4 5192 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5241 tBu —OC(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5247

—C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5282 CH3 — — —C(O)NH— 5283 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 5286 CH3 — — —C(O)NH— 5292 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5310 Bn — — —OC(O)NH— 5357 Bn — — —OC(O)NH— 5358 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 5240 CH3 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5430 Bn —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5450

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 5451

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 5743 2-Cl-Bn — — —OC(O)NH— 5750 Bn —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5751

—C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 5752 CH3 — — —C(O)NH— 5788 CH3 — — —C(O)NH— 5800 CH3 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 5801

— — —C(O)NH— 5803 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 6655

— — —C(O)NH— 6888

—C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 6869

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 6870

—C(O)— MeO2 —C(O)NH— 6871

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 6896 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 6897 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 6714 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 6715

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 6716

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7080 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7081

— — —C(O)NH— 7083 cMePUPCH2 — — —CO— 7092 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7093 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7108 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Dansyl-Lys —C(O)NH— 7109 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7111

— — —C(O)NH— 7116 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7117

— — —C(O)NH— 7119 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 7147

— — —C(O)NH— 7148

— — —C(O)NH— 7150 2-Cl-Bn — — —OC(O)NH— 7155 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 7156 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 7157

— — —C(O)NH— 7158 CH3 — — —C(O)NH— 7168 Bn —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7171

—C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7172

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 7175

—C(O)— MeO2 —C(O)NH— 7177

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7181 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7200 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7231 HH — — —NNH— 7233

— — —NH— 7234 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —NNH— 7235

— — —C(O)NH— 7236

— — —C(O)NH— 7241 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 7255 Bn —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 7256 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 7257 Bn —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7328 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7375 Bn —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7398 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7399 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Gly —C(O)NH— 7514

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7515

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 7516

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7517

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 7528

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 7530

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 7532 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— αN-Me-CBz-Lyz- —C(O)NH— 7578 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Gly —C(O)NH— 7662 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7788 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 7796 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 7855 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 7856

— — —C(O)NH— 7857

— — —C(O)NH— 8066 CH3 — — —C(O)NH— 8067 Bn — — —C(O)NH— 8122 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8123

— — —C(O)NH— 8147

— — —C(O)NH— 8205 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8206 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8209 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8210

— — —C(O)NH— 8211

— — —C(O)NH— 8212

— — —C(O)NH— 8221 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8290 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8291 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8294 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8295 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8304 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8308 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8309 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8341 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8342 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8343 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8345 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)CH2— 8346 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— D-N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8349 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— D-N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8352 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8354 4-oMePUP — — —O— 8355 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8367 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— D-N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8368 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— D-N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8399

— — —C(O)NH— 8446 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8449 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8450 Bn — — —C(O)NH— 8451

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8452

— — —C(O)NH— 8453 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8455

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8456

— — —C(O)NH— 8457

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8458 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8459 Bn — — —C(O)NH— 8460

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8461

— — —C(O)NH— 8462 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8463 Bn — — —C(O)NH— 8464

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8465

—C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8466

— — —C(O)NH— 8469 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8485 2-cMePUP — — —O— 8488 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8491 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8493 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8494 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— D-N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8513

— — —C(O)NH— 8514

— — —C(O)NH— 8515

— — —C(O)NH— 8516

— — —C(O)NH— 8519

— — —C(O)NH— 8520

— — —C(O)NH— 8528 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8552

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8553

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8554

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8555 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8557 cMePUP(CH2)2 — — —C(O)NH— 8558 cMePUP(CH2)2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8559 cMePUP(CH2)3 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8566

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8567

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8571 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8582 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8583 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8585

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8586 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8606 Bn — — —C(O)NH— 8607 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8620

— — —C(O)NH— 8621 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8628 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8629 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8630 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8632 Bz —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8637

— — —C(O)NH— 8638 Bn —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8639 Bn —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8642 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8643 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Asp —C(O)NH— 8648 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8658 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8674 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8684 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 8685 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8689 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8690 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8698 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8723 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8746 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8749 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8758 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8796 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8797 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8809 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 8905 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 8906 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Pro —C(O)NH— 8929 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9120 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9140 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9169 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9170 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9171 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9182 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9227 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9232 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 9233 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 9234 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 9235 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 9236 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 9237 cMePUPCH2 —CO— Leu —C(O)NH— 9238 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)NH— 9239 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— 9264 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9270 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)— 9271 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)— 9273 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)— 9274 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)— 9275 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)— 9276 cMePUPCH2 — — —C(O)— 9277 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— Leu —C(O)— 9315 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9418 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9437 cMePUPCH2 —C(O)— N-Me-Leu —C(O)NH— 9621

—C(O)— Leu —C(O)NH— BIO # Y3 Y2 Y1 R2 5192 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5241 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5247 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5282 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5283 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5286 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5292 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5310 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5357 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5358 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5240 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5430 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5450 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5451 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 5743 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 5750 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5751 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 5752

— —NHC(O)— H 5788 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 5800

— —NHC(O)— H 5801 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 5803 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 6655 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 6888 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6869 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6870 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6871 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6896 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 6897 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6714 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6715 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 6716 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7080 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7081 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7083

—NHC(O)— H 7092 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7093 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7108 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7109 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7111 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7116 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7117 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7119 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7147 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7148 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7150 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— Bn 7155 —(CH2)3— — —NHC(O)— H 7156 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— Bn 7157 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— Bn 7158 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— Bn 7168 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7171 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7172 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7175 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7177 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7181 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7200 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7231 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7233 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7234 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7235 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7236 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7241 —(CH2)4— — —N(CH3)C(O)— H 7255 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7256 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7257 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 7328 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7375 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7398 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7399 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 7514 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7515 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7516 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7517 —CH2— — —NHC(O)— H 7528 —(CH2)2— — —NNHC(O)— H 7530 —(CH2)2— — —NNHC(O)— H 7532 —(CH2)2— — —NNHC(O)— H 7578 —(CH2)2— — —NNHC(O)— H 7662 —(CH2)2— — —NNHC(O)— H 7788

— —NHC(O)— H 7796 —(CH2)2— — —NNHC(O)— H 7855 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 7856 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 7857 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8066 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8067 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8122 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8123 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8147 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8205 —(CH2)5— — —NHC(O)— H 8206 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8209 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8210 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8211 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8212 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8221 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8290 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8291 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8294 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8295 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8304

— —NHC(O)— H 8308 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8309 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8341 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8342 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8343 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8345 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NH— H 8346 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8349 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8352 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)O— H 8354 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8355

— —NHC(O)— H 8367 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8368 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8399 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8446 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8449 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8450 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8451 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8452 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8453 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8455 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8456 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8457 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8458 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8459 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8460 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8461 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8462 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8463 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8464 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8465 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8466 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8469 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8485 —(CH2)2— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8488

— —NHC(O)— H 8491 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8493 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8494 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8513 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8514

— —NHC(O)— H 8515

— —NHC(O)— H 8516

— —NHC(O)— H 8519 —(CH2)4— CH2 —NHC(O)— H 8520

— —NHC(O)— H 8528 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8552 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8553 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8554 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8555 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8557

— —NNHC(O)— H 8558 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8559 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8566 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8567 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8571 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8582 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8583 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8585 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8586 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8606

— —NHC(O)— H 8607

— —NHC(O)— H 8620 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8621 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8628 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8629 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8630 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8632 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8637 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8638 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8639 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8642 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8643 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8648

—CH2— —NHC(O)— H 8658 —(CH2)4— — —NHC(O)— H 8674 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8684

— —NHC(O)— H 8685 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8689 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8690 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8698 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8723 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8746 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8749 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8758 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8796 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8797 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8809 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 8905 —CH2— — — H 8906 —CH2— — — H 8929 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9120 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9140 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9169 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9170 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9171 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9182 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9227 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9232

— —NHC(O)— H 9233

— —NHC(O)— H 9234

— —NHC(O)— H 9235

— —NHC(O)— H 9236

— —NHC(O)— H 9237

— —NHC(O)— H 9238

— —NHC(O)— H 9239

— —NHC(O)— H 9264 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9270

— —C(O)— H 9271

— —C(O)— H 9273

— —C(O)— H 9274

— —C(O)— H 9275

— —C(O)— H 9276

— —C(O)— H 9277

— —C(O)— H 9315 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9418 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9437 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H 9621 —(CH2)2— — —NHC(O)— H *Cont BIO # R1 X Ia. 5192

CO2H S 5241

CO2H S 5247

CO2H S 5282

CO2H S 5283

CO2H S 5286

CO2H S 5292

CO2H S 5310

CO2H S 5357

CO2H S 5358 CH3 CO2H S 5240

CO2H S 5430

CO2H S 5450

CO2H S 5451

CO2H S 5743

CO2H S 5750

CO2H S 5751

CO2H S 5752

CO2H S 5788

CO2H S 5800

CO2H S 5801

CO2H S 5803

CO2H S 6655 CH3 CO2H S 6888

CO2H S 6869

CO2H S 6870

CO2H S 6871

CO2H S 6896

CO2H S 6897

CO2H S 6714

CO2H S 6715

CO2H S 6716

CO2H S 7080

CO2H S 7081

CO2H S 7083

CO2H S 7092

CO2H S 7093

CO2H S 7108

CO2H S 7109

CO2H S 7111

CO2H S 7116

CO2H S 7117 CH3 CO2H S 7119 CH3 CO2H S 7147

CO2H S 7148

CO2H S 7150

CO2H S 7155

CO2H S 7156

CO2H R/S 7157

CO2H R/S 7158

CO2H R/S 7168

CO2H S 7171

CO2H S 7172

CO2H S 7175

CO2H S 7177

CO2H S 7181

CO2H S 7200

CO2H S 7231

CO2H S 7233

CO2H S 7234

CO2H S 7235

CO2H S 7236

CO2H S 7241

CO2H S 7255

CO2H S 7256

CO2H S 7257

CO2H S 7328

CO2H S 7375

CO2H S 7398

CONHCH3 S 7399

CO2H S 7514

CO2H S 7515

CO2H S 7516

CO2H S 7517

CO2H S 7528

CO2H S 7530

CO2H S 7532

CO2H S 7578

CO2H S 7662

CO2H S 7788

CO2H S 7796

CH2OH S 7855

CO2H S 7856

CO2H S 7857

CO2H S 8066

CO2H S 8067

CO2H S 8122

CO2H S 8123

CO2H S 8147

CO2H S 8205

CO2H S 8206 CH3 CO2H S 8209 cMePUPCH2 CO2H S 8210 CH3 CO2H S 8211 cMePUPCH2 CO2H S 8212

CO2H S 8221

CO2H S 8290

CO2H S 8291

CO2H S 8294

CO2H S 8295

CO2H S 8304

CO2H S 8308

CO2H S 8309

CO2H S 8341

CO2H S 8342

CO2H R 8343

CO2H R 8345 H CO2H S 8346

CO2H R 8348

CO2H R 8349

CO2H R 8352 tBu CO2H S 8354

CO2H R 8355

CO2H R 8367

CO2H S 8368

CO2H S 8399

CO2H S 8446 Bn CO2H S 8449

CO2H S 8450

CO2H S 8451

CO2H S 8452

CO2H S 8453

CO2H S 8455

CO2H S 8456

CO2H S 8457

CO2H S 8458

CO2H S 8459

CO2H S 8460

CO2H S 8461

CO2H S 8462 cMePUPA-Leu CO2H S 8463 cMePUPA-Leu CO2H S 8464 cMePUPA-Leu CO2H S 8465 CH3 CO2H S 8466 CH3 CO2H S 8469

CO2H S 8485

CO2H S 8488

CO2H S 8491

CO2H S 8493

CO2H S 8494

CO2H R 8513

CO2H S 8514

CO2H S 8515

CO2H S 8516

CO2H S 8519

CO2H S 8520

CO2H S 8528

CO2H S 8552

CO2H S 8553

CO2H S 8554

CO2H S 8555

CO2H S 8557

CO2H S 8558

CO2H S 8559

CO2H S 8566

CO2H S 8567

CO2H S 8571

CO2H S 8582

CO2H S 8583

CO2H S 8585

CO2H S 8586

CO2H S 8606

CO2H S 8607

CO2H S 8620

CO2H R 8621

CO2H R 8628

CO2H S 8629

CO2H R 8630

CO2H R 8632

CO2H R 8637

CO2H R 8638

CO2H R 8639

CO2H R 8642

CO2H S 8643

CO2H S 8648

CO2H S 8658

CO2H R 8674

CO2H S 8684

CO2H S 8685

CO2H S 8689

CO2H S 8690

CO2H S 8698

CO2H S 8723

CO2H S 8746

CO2H S 8749

CO2H S 8758

CO2H S 8796

CO2H S 8797

CO2H S 8809

CO2H S 8905

CO2H R/S 8906

CO2H R/S 8929

CO2H S 9120

CO2H S 9140 —CH3 CO2H S 9169

CO2H S 9170

CO2H S 9171

CO2H S 9182

CO2H S 9227

CO2H S 9232

CO2H S 9233

CO2H S 9234

CO2H S 9235

CO2H S 9236

CO2H S 9237

CO2H S 9238

CO2H S 9239

CO2H S 9264

CO2H S 9270

CO2H S 9271

CO2H S 9273

CO2H S 9274

CO2H S 9275

CO2H S 9276

CO2H S 9277

CO2H S 9315

CO2H S 9418

CO2H S 9437

CO2H S 9621

CO2H S

Another aspect of this invention relates to the use of one or more of the inhibitors described above or a salt thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for treating the above-mentioned disorders.

A further aspect of this invention relates to a composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), supra.

Still a further aspect of this invention relates to a method of inhibiting VLA-4-dependent cell adhesion, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of formula (I), supra.

The ability of the compounds of this invention to antagonize the actions of VLA4 makes them useful for preventing, treating, or reversing the symptoms, disorders or diseases induced by the binding of VLA4 to its ligands. Thus these antagonists will inhibit cell adhesion processes including cell activation, migration, proliferation and differentiation. Accordingly, another aspect of the present invention provides methods for the treatment, prevention, alleviation, or suppression of diseases or disorders mediated by the VLA4 pathway. Such diseases and disorders include, for example, asthma, multiple sclerosis, allergic rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis, inflammatory lung diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, septic arthritis, type I diabetes, organ transplant rejection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others.

Compounds of the invention contain one or more asymmetric centers and thus can occur as racemates and racemic mixtures, single enantiomers, diastereomeric mixtures and individual diasteromers. The present invention is meant to comprehend all such isomeric forms of the compounds of the invention.

The claimed invention is also intended to encompass pharmaceutically acceptable salts of Formula I. The term “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” refers to salts prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic bases or acids including inorganic or organic bases and inorganic or organic acids. Salts derived from inorganic bases include aluminum, ammonium, calcium, copper, ferric, ferrous, lithium, magnesium, manganic salts, manganous, potassium, sodium, zinc, and the like. Particularly preferred are the ammonium, calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium salts.

Salts derived from pharmaceutically acceptable organic non-toxic bases include salts of primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, substituted amines including naturally occurring substituted amines, cyclic amines, and basic ion exchange resins, such as arginine, betaine, caffeine, choline, N,N′-dibenzylethylenediamine, diethylamine, 2-diethylaminoethanol, 2-dimethylaminoethanol, ethanolamine, ethylenediamine, N-ethyl-morpholine, N-ethylpiperidine, glucamine, glucosamine, histidine, hydrabamine, isopropyulamine, lysine, methylglucamine, morpholine, piperazine, piperidine, polyamine resins, procaine, purines, theobromine, triethylamine, trimethylamine, tripropylamine, tromethamine, and the like.

When the compound of the present invention is basic, salts may be prepared from pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acids, including inorganic and organic acids. Such acids include acetic, benzenesulfonic, benzoic, camphorsulfonic, citric, ethanesulfonic, fumaric, gluconic, glutamic, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, isethionic, lactic, maleic, malic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, mucic, nitric, pamoic, pantothenic, phosphoric, succinic, sulfuric, tartaric, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and the like. Particularly preferred are citric, hydrobromic, hydrochloric, maleic, phosphoric, sulfuric and tartaric acids.

As used herein, the term “alkyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkyl radical containing from 1 to 10, preferably from 1 to 6 and more preferably from 1 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl, iso-amyl, hexyl, decyl and the like.

The term “alkenyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkenyl radical containing from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 and more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethenyl, E- and Z-propenyl, isopropenyl, E- and Z-butenyl, E- and Z-isobutenyl, E- and Z-pentenyl, decenyl and the like.

The term “alkynyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a straight-chain or branched-chain alkynyl radical containing from 2 to 10, preferably from 2 to 6 and more preferably from 2 to 4, carbon atoms. Examples of such radicals include, but are not limited to, ethynyl (acetylenyl), propynyl, propargyl, butynyl, hexynyl, decynyl and the like.

The term “hydrocarbon linker moiety” refers to an alkylene moiety which may contain one or more double or triple bonds. For example, L can be 3-methyloctylene (i.e., a straight chain containing 8 carbon chain atoms) interrupted by, or terminally attached to, an amide linkage (—NH—CO—).

The term “cycloalkyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a cyclic alkyl radical containing from 3 to 8, preferably from 3 to 6, carbon atoms. Examples of such cycloalkyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and the like.

The term “cycloalkenyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a cyclic carbocycle containing from 4 to 8, preferably 5 or 6, carbon atoms and one or more double bonds. Examples of such cycloalkenyl radicals include, but are not limited to, cyclopentenyl, cyclohexenyl, cyclopentadienyl and the like.

The term “aryl” refers to a carbocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, indenyl, indanyl, azulenyl, fluorenyl, and anthracenyl; or a heterocyclic aromatic group selected from the group consisting of furyl, thienyl, pyridyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyly, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, 2-pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, 1,2,3-oxadiazolyl, 1,2,3-triazolyl, 1,3,4-thiadiazolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, 1,3,5-triazinyl, 1,3,5-trithianyl, indolizinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolinyl, benzo[b]furanyl, 2,3-dihydrobenzofuranyl, benzo[b]thiophenyl, 1H-indazolyl, benzimidazolyl, benzthiazolyl, purinyl, 4H-quinolizinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, 1,8-naphthyridinyl, pteridinyl, carbazolyl, acridinyl, phenazinyl, phenothiazinyl, and phenoxazinyl.

“Aryl” groups, as defined in this application may independently contain one to three substituents which are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cyano, carboxy, carboalkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkyl, Ar′-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy or alkynoxy, Ar′-substituted alkoxy, Ar′-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylamino, Ar′-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, Ar′-substituted carbonyloxy, alkylcarbonyloxy, aliphatic or aromatic acyl, Ar′-substituted acyl, Ar′-substituted alkylcarbonyloxy, Ar′-substituted carbonylamino, Ar′-substituted amino, Ar′-substituted oxy, Ar′-substituted carbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, Ar′-substituted alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxy-carbonylamino, Ar′-substituted alkoxycarbonyl-amino, Ar′-oxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, mono- or bis-(Ar′-sulfonyl)amino, Ar′-substituted alkyl-sulfonylamino, morpholinocarbonylamino, thiomorpholinocarbonylamino, N-alkyl guanidino, N—Ar′ guanidino, N—N—(Ar′,alkyl) guanidino, N,N—(Ar′,Ar′)guanidino, N,N-dialkyl guanidino, N,N,N-trialkyl guanidino, N-alkyl urea, N,N-dialkyl urea, N—Ar′ urea, N,N-(Ar′,alkyl) urea and N,N—(Ar′)₂ urea; wherein “Ar′” is a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aryl group as defined above having one to three substituents selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halogen, hydroxyl, amino, nitro, trifluoromethyl, trifluoromethoxy, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, 1,2-dioxymethylene, 1,2-dioxyethylene, alkoxy, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, alkylcarbonyloxy, aliphatic or aromatic acyl, alkylcarbonylamino, alkoxycarbonylamino, alkylsulfonylamino, N-alkyl or N,N-dialkyl urea.

The term “alkoxy,” alone or in combination, refers to an alkyl ether radical, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkyl ether radicals include, but are not limited to, methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, iso-propoxy, n-butoxy, iso-butoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy and the like.

The term “alkenoxy,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-O—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above provided that the radical is not an enol ether. Examples of suitable alkenoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, allyloxy, E- and Z-3-methyl-2-propenoxy and the like. The term “alkynyloxy”, alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-O—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above provided that the radical is not an ynol ether. Examples of suitable alkynoxy radicals include, but are not limited to, propargyloxy, 2-butynyloxy and the like.

The term “thioalkoxy” refers to a thioether radical of formula alkyl-S—, wherein alkyl is as defined above.

The term “alkylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a mono- or di-alkyl-substituted amino radical (i.e., a radical of formula alkyl-NH— or (alkyl)₂—N—), wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable alkylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, methylamino, ethylamino, propylamino, isopropylamino, t-butylamino, N,N-diethylamino and the like.

The term “alkenylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkenyl-NH— or (alkenyl)₂N—, wherein the term “alkenyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an enamine. An example of such alkenylamino radicals is the allylamino radical.

The term “alkynylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkynyl-NH— or (alkynyl)₂N—, wherein the term “alkynyl” is as defined above, provided that the radical is not an ynamine. An example of such alkynylamino radicals is the propargyl amino radical.

The term “aryloxy,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-O—, wherein aryl is as defined above. Examples of aryloxy radicals include, but are not limited to, phenoxy, naphthoxy, pyridyloxy and the like.

The term “arylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-NH—, wherein aryl is as defined above. Examples of arylamino radicals include, but are not limited to, phenylamino (anilido), naphthylamino, 2-, 3- and 4-pyridylamino and the like.

The term “biaryl,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-aryl-, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.

The term “thioaryl,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-S—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. An example of a thioaryl radical is the thiophenyl radical.

The term “aryl-fused cycloalkyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a cycloalkyl radical which shares two adjacent atoms with an aryl radical, wherein the terms “cycloalkyl” and “aryl” are as defined above. An example of an aryl-fused cycloalkyl radical is the benzo-fused cyclobutyl radical.

The term “aliphatic acyl,” alone or in combination, refers to radicals of formula alkyl-CO—, alkenyl-CO—and alkynyl-CO-derived from an alkane-, alkene- or alkyncarboxylic acid, wherein the terms “alkyl”, “alkenyl” and “alkynyl” are as defined above. Examples of such aliphatic acyl radicals include, but are not limited to, acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, valeryl, 4-methylvaleryl, acryloyl, crotyl, propiolyl, methylpropiolyl and the like.

The term “aromatic acyl,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-CO—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. Examples of suitable aromatic acyl radicals include, but are not limited to, benzoyl, 4-halobenzoyl, 4-carboxybenzoyl, naphthoyl, pyridylcarbonyl and the like.

The terms “morpholinocarbonyl” and “thiomorpholinocarbonyl,” alone or in combination with other terms, refer to an N-carbonylated morpholino and an N-carbonylated thiomorpholino radical, respectively.

The term “alkylcarbonylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-CONH, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkoxycarbonylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-OCONH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “alkylsulfonylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-SO₂NH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “arylsulfonylamino,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-SO₂NH—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above. The term “N-alkylurea,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula alkyl-NH—CO—NH—, wherein the term “alkyl” is as defined above.

The term “N-arylurea,” alone or in combination, refers to a radical of formula aryl-NH—CO—NH—, wherein the term “aryl” is as defined above.

The term “halogen” means fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.

The term “leaving group” generally refers to groups readily displaceable by a nucleophile, such as an amine, and alcohol or a thiol nucleophile. Such leaving groups are well known and include carboxylates, N-hydroxysuccinimide, N-hydroxybenzotriazole, halogen (halides), triflates, tosylates, mesylates, alkoxy, thioalkoxy and the like.

The terms “activated derivative of a suitably protected α-amino acid” and “activated substituted-phenylacetic acid derivative” refer to the corresponding acyl halides (e.g. acid fluoride, acid chloride and acid bromide), corresponding activated esters (e.g. nitrophenyl ester, the ester of 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, HOBT, or the ester of hydroxysuccinimide, HOSu), and other conventional derivatives within the skill of the art.

As used throughout this application, the term “patient” refers to mammals, including humans. And the term “cell” refers to mammalian cells, including human cells.

In view of the above definitions, other chemical terms used throughout this application can be easily understood by those of skill in the art. Terms may be used alone or in any combination thereof. The preferred and more preferred chain lengths of the radicals apply to all such combinations.

Other features or advantages of the present invention will be apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments, and also from the appending claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Compounds of this invention may be synthesized using any conventional technique, several of which are exemplified herein. Preferably, these compounds are chemically synthesized from readily available starting materials, such as α-amino acids and their functional equivalents. Modular and convergent methods for the synthesis of these compounds are also preferred. In a convergent approach, for example, large sections of the final product are brought together in the last stages of the synthesis, rather than by incremental addition of small pieces to a growing molecular chain.

Compounds of the invention, R³-L-L′-R¹, according to one embodiment, can be represented as R³—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y¹—R¹. This compound can be viewed as a dipeptide derivative: with R¹ as an amino acid residue or a derivative thereof; Y¹ as an amide linkage, or a derivative thereof, between the two residues; X as a carboxylate or a derivative thereof; C as the α-carbon atom of the second residue; and R³—Y⁴—Y³— as the side chain of the second residue.

In the general method illustrated below, the compound R³—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y¹—R¹ is prepared by first coupling a properly protected Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) with a properly protected R^(3′). Y³ and X have been defined above. Y^(4′), Y^(1′), and R^(3′) are precursors of Y⁴, Y¹, and R³, respectively.

Compounds of this invention may be synthesized using any conventional technique, several of which are exemplified herein. Preferably, these compounds are chemically synthesized from readily available starting materials, such as α-amino acids and their functional equivalents. Modular and convergent methods for the synthesis of these compounds are also preferred. In a convergent approach, for example, large sections of the final product are brought together in the last stages of the synthesis, rather than by incremental addition of small pieces to a growing molecular chain.

Compounds of the invention, R³-L-L′-R¹, according to one embodiment, can be represented as R³—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y¹—R¹. This compound can be viewed as a dipeptide derivative: with R¹ as an amino acid residue or a derivative thereof; Y¹ as an amide linkage, or a derivative thereof, between the two residues; X as a carboxylate or a derivative thereof; C as the α-carbon atom of the second residue; and R³—Y⁴—Y³— as the side chain of the second residue.

In the general method illustrated below, the compound R³—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y¹—R¹ is prepared by first coupling a properly protected Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) with a properly protected R^(3′). Y³ and X have been defined above. Y^(4′), Y^(1′), and R^(3′) are precursors of Y⁴, Y¹, and R³, respectively.

Compounds of the formula Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) are available commercially or can be prepared according to methods known one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, if Y^(1′) is an amino group; X is a carboxylate; and Y^(4′)—Y³— is NH₂—(CH₂)₃—, the compound Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) is ornithine. As another example, if Y^(1′) is an amino group, X is carboxylate and Y^(4′)—Y³— is 4-NH₂-phenyl-CH₂—, the compound Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) is 4-aminophenylalanine, available by reduction of commercially available is 4-nitrophenylalanine. Further reduction of the phenyl moiety produces a compound wherein Y^(1′) is an amino group, X is carboxylate and Y^(4′)—Y³— is 4-NH₂-cyclohexyl-CH₂—, or 4-aminocyclohexylalanine, available commercially as a mixture of cis and trans isomers. As mentioned above, proper protecting groups are required to prevent certain functionalities from undergoing undesired reactions. Using ornithine as an example, Y^(1′) and X are functionalities that are not involved in the first coupling reaction, and should be protected with common amino protecting groups such as carbamates (e.g., t-butyl carbamate (BOC) and benzyl carbamate (CBZ)) and common carboxyl protecting groups such as substituted esters (e.g., ethyl ester and methoxymethyl ester). For more appropriate protecting groups, see T. W. Greene, Protecting Groups in Organic Synthesis, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1981, and references cited therein.

The compound R^(3′) can be represented by the formula Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴-T or R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′. Each of T and T′ is a functionality which joins with Y⁴′ to form Y⁴. For example, if the desired Y⁴ is an amide linkage, it can be formed by reacting an amine group (Y⁴′) with a carboxyl group (T or T′) in the presence of a common coupling reagent such as benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate (BOP) or O-benzo-triazol-1-yl-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU). As another example, if the desired Y⁴ is an aryl ether, it can be formed by reacting a phenol with an alcohol in the presence of diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD) and triphenylphosphine.

When R^(3′) is of the formula Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴-T, the compound is available commercially or can be prepared according to methods known one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, when Z³ is 2-methyl phenyl; Z⁴ is phenylmethyl; L^(b) is —NH—CO—NH— and T is —COOH, R^(3′) is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl acetic acid and can be obtained by reaction of 4-aminophenylacetic acid with 2-methylphenyl isocyanate. As another example, when Z³ is 3-indole; Z⁴ is phenylmethyl; L^(b) is —CO—NH— and T is —COOH, R^(3′) is 3-indolecarboxamido-phenyl acetic acid and can be obtained by reaction of 4-aminophenylacetic acid with indole-3-carbonyl chloride.

When R^(3′) is of the formula R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′, Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) can couple to NH(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′ to form the intermediate NH(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) prior to further coupling to R⁴—Y^(5′) to form R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′). Y^(5′) is a functionality which, upon undergoing further coupling reactions, gives rise to the functionality Y⁵. Note that the compound NH(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′ can be an amino acid derivative which is commercially available and can be prepared using conventional methods by one of ordinary skill in the art. For example, when T′ is carboxyl; R⁶ is isobutyl; and R⁵ is methyl, the compound NH(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′ is N-methylleucine. R⁴—Y^(5′) can be coupled to NH(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) by commonly used synthetic methods. For example, if Y^(5′) is carboxyl, the resulting Y⁵ is an amide linkage and can be prepared using common peptide synthesis reagents as mentioned above. As another example, if Y^(5′) is an halide or sulfonate the resulting Y⁵ is a secondary or tertiary amine resulting from alkylation of the starting amine. Alternatively, to form the compound R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′), NH(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′ can first couple to R⁴—Y^(5′) to form the intermediate R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)-T′ prior to further coupling to Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′). Example 1 below provides a detailed procedure wherein R³— is of the formula R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)—.

Alternatively, when R^(3′) is of the formula Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴-T, it can react with Y^(4′)—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) to form Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴-Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′). See Example 2.

The final product R³—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y¹ can then be formed by reacting either R⁴—Y⁵—N(R⁵)—CH(R⁶)—Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) or Z³-L^(b)-Z⁴-Y⁴—Y³—CH(X)—Y^(1′) with R^(1′) (the precursor of R1). The moiety Y¹ can be formed in a similar manner as Y⁴.

A cell adhesion inhibitor of the invention can be purified by conventional methods such as chromatography or crystallization.

Set forth below are five general methods for preparing a compound of this invention. General Method A—Solid-Phase Preparation of Diaminopropionate Derivatives:

Orthogonally Fmoc/Dde Protected Wang Resin (II): S—N-α-Fmoc-N-β-Dde-diaminopropionic acid, I (4.95 g, 10.1 mmol), was attached to Wang resin (7.88 g, 0.64 mmol/g, 100-200 mesh) by reaction with 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (1.45 mL, 10.1 mmol) and dry pyridine (1.35 mL) in 40 mL dry DMF. The mixture was shaken for 16 h at room temperature. The resin was isolated by filtration and was washed three times each with DMF and dichloromethane. The resin was capped by reaction with dichlorobenzoyl chloride and pyridine (2 mL each) for 2 h followed by washing as above. The resulting resin contained 0.64 mmol/g Fmoc as determined by piperidine treatment and measurement of A₂₉₀.

Deprotection and Acylation of N-α: The diaminopropionate resin, II, was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF for 15 min after which it was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane. The deprotected resin was immediately acylated by treatment with R¹CO2H (2 eq), HATU (2 eq) and diisopropylethylamine (4 eq). The reactions were shaken for 2 h, filtered and the acylation was repeated. Completion of acylation was determined by a negative Kaiser test. The resin was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane. If R¹CO₂H is an Fmoc protected amino acid, the deprotection and acylation are repeated as described above.

Deprotection and Acylation of N-β: The acylated diaminopropionate resin, III, was treated with 2% hydrazine in DMF for 1 h, after which it was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane. The deprotected resin was immediately acylated by treatment with R³CO₂H (2 eq), HATU (2 eq) and diisopropylethylamine (4 eq). The reactions were shaken for 2 h, filtered and the acylation was repeated. The resin was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane.

Cleavage of Final Product from Resin: The diacyl diaminopropionate resin, IV, was treated with 95% TFA/5% water for 1 h. The solvent was removed by filtration and the resin was washed with two small protions of TFA. The combined TFA solutions were concentrated under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by revere-phase hplc yielding pure diacyldiaminopropionate derivatives.

General Method B—Preparation of beta-Lysine Derivatives:

Omega-N-Cbz-beta-N-BOC-beta-homolysine Methyl Ester (II): Omega-N-Cbz-beta-N-BOC-beta-homolysine, I, was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide. To this solution was added sodium bicarbonate (10 equivalents) and then iodomethane (6 equivalents) with stirring. After stirring overnight at room temperature, the reaction mixture was partitioned between water and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, then dried over sodium sulfate. Filtering and evaporation of the solvent was followed by silica gel chromatography (hexane/ethyl acetate) to yield ester II.

Beta-N-BOC-beta-homolysine Methyl Ester (III): N-Cbz carbamate II was dissolved in methanol. To this was added 10% palladium on carbon. The mixture was flushed with nitrogen, then hydrogen (50 psi) was added. After stirring overnight, the catalyst was removed using a Whatman PTFE filter and the solution was concentrated to yield crude amine III.

N-omega Acylation: Amine III (111 mg), 2-(1H-benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HBTU, 1.1 equivalents) and R¹CO₂H (1.1 equivalents) were dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide. To this solution was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (2.5 equivalents). After stirring overnight, the reaction was quenched with 5% aqueous citric acid solution, then extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, then dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration and removal of the solvent by rotary evaporation yielded crude amide IV, which was used without further purification.

N-beta Deprotection and Acylation: Crude N-BOC carbamate IV was treated with saturated hydrogen chloride in ethyl acetate, prepared by bubbling hydrogen chloride gas through cold (zero degree) ethyl acetate solution for 30 minutes. The reaction was stirred for one hour, then concentrated to dryness to yield crude amine V, which was used without further purification. Crude amine V was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide along with R³CO₂H (1 equivalent) and HBTU (1.1 equivalent). With stirring was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (7.5 equivalents). After stirring overnight, the reaction was partitioned between 5% aqueous citric acid and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, then dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration of the drying agent and evaporation of the solvent gave crude amide VI, which was used without further purification.

Final Deprotecton: Methyl ester VI was dissolved in 1:1 tetrahydrofuran and methanol. With stirring was added aqueous lithium hydroxide (2 N). After stirring for one hour, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue was partitioned between 1 N aqueous hydrogen chloride and ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride. Drying over sodium sulfate, filtering and evaporating gave crude acid. Purification by preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography gave pure acid.

General Method C—Solid-Phase Preparation of Lysine Derivatives:

Fmoc/Dde Lysine Wang Resin (II): N-α-Fmoc-N-Dde-Lysine, I (5.0 g, 9.39 mmol), was attached to Wang resin (7.34 g, 0.64 mmol/g, 100-200 mesh) by reaction with 2,6-dichlorobenzoyl chloride (1.33 mL, 10.1 mmol) and dry pyridine (1.27 mL) in 50 mL dry DMF. The mixture was shaken for 16 h at room temperature. The resin was isolated by filtration and was washed three times each with DMF and dichloromethane. The resin was capped by reaction with dichlorobenzoyl chloride and pyridine (2 mL each) for 2 h followed by washing as above. The resulting resin contained 0.56 mmol/g Fmoc as determined by piperidine treatment and measurement of A₂₉₀.

Deprotection and Acylation of N-α: The diaminopropionate resin, II, was treated with 20% piperidine in DMF for 15 min after which it was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane. The deprotected resin was immediately acylated by treatment with R¹CO₂H (2 eq), HATU (2 eq) and diisopropylethylamine (4 eq). The reactions were shaken for 2 h, filtered and the acylation was repeated. Completion of acylation was determined by a negative Kaiser test. The resin was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane. If R¹CO₂H is an Fmoc protected amino acid, the deprotection and acylation are repeated as described above.

Deprotection and Acylation of N-ε: The acylated lysine resin, III, was treated with 2% hydrazine in DMF for 1 h, after which it was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane. The deprotected resin was immediately acylated by treatment with R³CO₂H (2 eq), HATU (2 eq) and diisopropylethylamine (4 eq). The reactions were shaken for 2 h, filtered and the acylation was repeated. The resin was filtered and washed with DMF and dichloromethane.

Cleavage of Final Product from Resin: The diacyl lysine resin, IV, was treated with 95% TFA/5% water for 1 h. The solvent was removed by filtration and the resin was washed with two small protions of TFA. The combined TFA solutions were concentrated under vacuum and the resulting residue was purified by revere-phase HPLC yielding pure diacyllysine derivatives.

General Method D: Preparation of oMePUPA-N-MeLeu-α,γ-diaminobutyric Acid Derivatives:

N-α-CBZ-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid methyl ester hydrochloride (I): In a 500 mL RB flask was suspended 8.4 g (33.3 mmol) N-α-CBZ-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid in 200 mL methanol with stirring. This was cooled to 0° C. (ice bath), and then 14.6 mL (200 mmol) SOCl₂ was added dropwise over 15 minutes to give a colorless solution. The solution was allowed to warm to RT and stirred overnight. The solution was concentrated, redissolved in MeOH and concentrated 2×, then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, concentrated, and placed under high vacuum for 16 hours to give compound I as a slightly yellow foam, massing to 10.33 g (34.2 mmol, 103%). M/z=267.1 (M+H⁺).

BOC-N-methyl-Leucinyl-(N-α-CBZ)-GABA methyl ester (II): In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 10.33 g (33.3 mmol) of I (MW=302) in 100 mL dry dimethylformamide (DMF) with stirring to give a colorless solution. To this was added 17.4 mL (100 mmol) of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), then 7.96 g (32.5 mmol) of Boc-N-Me-Leucine, and finally 14.83 g (39.0 mmol) of O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) to give a yellow solution. This was stirred overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 500 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (2×), 1N NaOH (2×), and brine (1×). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to a red oil. Chromatography with 2:1 hexanes/EtOAc vs. silica gave 12.56 g (25.5 mmol, 78%) of II (R_(f)=0.46 with 1:1 Hex/EtOAc vs. silica) as a yellow syrup (HPLC, >99%). M/z=494.3 (M+H⁺).

H-N-methyl-Leucinyl-(N-α-CBZ)-GABA methyl ester trifluoroacetate salt (III): In a 50 mL RB flask was dissolved 0.50 g (1.01 mmol) of II (MW=493) in 10 mL CH₂Cl₂ with stirring to give a colorless solution. To this was added 2 mL (26 mmol, large excess) of trifluoroacetic acid and the resulting solution was stirred for four hours, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was concentrated, redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and concentrated (2×), then placed under high vacuum overnight to give 0.52 g (˜quantitative) of III as a very pale yellow oil. M/z=394.4 (M+H⁺). Material carried through.

oMePUPA-N-methyl-Leucinyl-(N-α-CBZ)-GABA methyl ester (IV): In a 10 mL vial was dissolved 0.52 g (1.01 mmol) of III (MW=507) in 5 mL DMF with stirring to give a pale yellow solution. To this was added 525 μL (3.0 mmol) of DIEA, then 284 mg (1.0 mmol) of oMePUPA free acid (Ricerca; MW=284), and finally 0.42 g (1.1 mmol) of HATU to give a yellow solution. This was stirred overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material remaining. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (75 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (3×), 1N NaOH (3×), and brine (1×). The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated to a yellow oil/solid mixture. Chromatography with 1:2 acetonitrile/CH₂Cl₂ vs. silica gave 0.49 g (0.74 mmol, 74%) of VI (R_(f)=0.56 with 1:1 acetonitrile/CH₂Cl₂ vs. silica) as a bright white, foamy solid (HPLC, >99%). M/z=660.1 (M+H⁺).

oMePUPA-N-methyl-Leucinyl-(N-α-H)-GABA methyl ester Hydrochloride (V): In an 85 mL high-pressure vessel was dissolved 400 mg (0.61 mmol) of IV (MW=659) in 10 mL MeOH with stirring to give a colorless solution. The vessel was flushed with nitrogen, and ˜50 mg (catalytic) of 10% palladium on carbon was added. The sides of the vessel were washed with additional MeOH, and the vessel capped with a hydrogenation head. The vessel was charged with 60 psi H₂ and the mixture stirred overnight, after which the vessel was purged to ambient atmosphere. The mixture was filtered through Celite 545, the filter pad washed with additional (10 mL) MeOH, and the filtrate concentrated. The residue was dissolved in minimal (2 mL) MeOH and dripped into ice-cold 1.0M HCl in diethyl ether to give a white precipitate. The solid was triturated in the HCl/ether for 20 minutes, then filtered, the solid washed with ether, and air-dried for one hour. The white solid was then crushed into a powder with a spatula, washed with additional ether, and air-dried overnight to give 336 mg (0.60 mmol, 98%) of V as a white powder (HPLC, >99%). ESMS m/z=526.6 (M+H⁺).

Acylation and final hydrolysis: Crude amine V was dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide along with R³CO₂H (1 equivalent) and HBTU (1.1 equivalent). With stirring was added N,N-diisopropylethylamine (4 equivalents). After stirring overnight, the reaction was partitioned between 5% aqueous citric acid and ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride solution, then dried over sodium sulfate. Filtration of the drying agent and evaporation of the solvent gave crude amide, which could be purified by reverse-phase hplc. Methyl ester was dissolved in 1:1 tetrahydrofuran and methanol. With stirring was added aqueous lithium hydroxide (2 N). After stirring for one hour, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue was partitioned between 1 N aqueous hydrogen chloride and ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride. Drying over sodium sulfate, filtering and evaporating gave crude acid. Purification by preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography gave pure product.

General Method E—Solution-Phase Synthesis from Diamino Acids:

The orthogonally N-alpha-Boc/Cbz protected diamine, I, was converted to methyl ester II by reaction with methyl iodide (5 eq) and potassium carbonate (5 eq) in acetone at room temperature for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with water and extracted with ethyl acetate. The organics were washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. Product was eluted through silica in ethyl acetate and hexanes.

N-alpha deprotection and acylation: The fully protected diamine, II, was dissolved in 3N Hcl in EtOAc and was stirred 1 h at room temperature. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure. The resulting solid was suspended in diethyl ether, isolated by filtration, washed with ether and dried under vacuum. The hydrochloride, III, thus isolated was treated with HATU (1.25 eq), diisopropylethylamine (4 eq) and R¹CO₂H (1.25 eq) in dry DMF, and was stirred under nitrogen for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 5% citric acid and was extracted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The solution was concentrated under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by elution through silica in EtOAc and hexane, providing pure product, IV.

Distal nitrogen deprotection and acylation: The CBz protected intermediate, IV, was dissolved in methanol and was degassed. 10% Pd on activated carbon was added and the mixture was stirred under 60 psi hydrogen for 3 to 16 h. The reaction was filtered and concentrated. The resulting free amine was immediately acylated by reacting with HATU (1.25 eq), diisopropylethylamine (4 eq) and R³CO₂H (1.25 eq) in dry DMF, with stirring under nitrogen for 16 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with 5% citric acid and was extracted with EtOAc. The organics were washed with water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine, dried over sodium sulfate and filtered. The product, VI, was purified by elution through silica in ethyl acetate and hexane.

Hydrolysis to final product: The methyl ester VI was dissolved in 1:1 tetrahydrofuran and methanol. With stirring was added aqueous lithium hydroxide (2 N). After stirring for one hour, the reaction mixture was concentrated to dryness. The residue was partitioned between 1 N aqueous hydrogen chloride and ethyl acetate, and the organic layer was washed with saturated sodium chloride. Drying over sodium sulfate, filtering and evaporating gave crude acid. Purification by preparative reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography gave pure acid VII.

The compounds of this invention may also be modified by appending appropriate functionalities to enhance selective biological properties. Such modifications are known in the art and include those which increase biological penetration into a given biological system (e.g., blood, lymphatic system, central nervous system), increase oral availability, increase solubility to allow administration by injection, alter metabolism and alter rate of excretion. Examples of these modifications include, but are not limited to, esterification with polyethylene glycols, derivatization with pivolates or fatty acid substituents, conversion to carbamates, hydroxylation of aromatic rings, and heteroatom-substitution in aromatic rings.

Also included are non-classical isoteres such as CO₂H, SO₂NHR, SO₃H, PO(OH)NH₂, PO(OH)OEt, CONHCN,

Once synthesized, the activities and VLA-4 specificities of the compounds according to this invention may be determined using in vitro and in vivo assays.

For example, the cell adhesion inhibitory activity of these compounds may be measured by determining the concentration of inhibitor required to block the binding of VLA-4-expressing cells to fibronectin- or CS1-coated plates. In this assay microtiter wells are coated with either fibronectin (containing the CS-1 sequence) or CS-1. If CS-1 is used, it must be conjugated to a carrier protein, such as bovine serum albumin, in order to bind to the wells. Once the wells are coated, varying concentrations of the test compound are then added together with appropriately labelled, VLA-4-expressing cells. Alternatively, the test compound may be added first and allowed to incubate with the coated wells prior to the addition of the cells. The cells are allowed to incubate in the wells for at least 30 minutes. Following incubation, the wells are emptied and washed. Inhibition of binding is measured by quantitating the fluorescence or radioactivity bound to the plate for each of the various concentrations of test compound, as well as for controls containing no test compound.

VLA-4-expressing cells that may be utilized in this assay include Ramos cells, Jurkat cells, A375 melanoma cells, as well as human peripheral blood lymophocytes (PBLs). The cells used in this assay may be fluorescently or radioactively labelled.

A direct binding assay may also be employed to quantitate the inhibitory activity of the compounds of this invention. In this assay, a VCAM-IgG fusion protein containing the first two immunoglobulin domains of VCAM (D1D2) attached above the hinge region of an IgG1 molecule (“VCAM 2D-IgG”), is conjugated to a marker enzyme, such as alkaline phosphatase (“AP”). The synthesis of this VCAM-IgG fusion is described in PCT publication WO 90/13300, the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. The conjugation of that fusion to a marker enzyme is achieved by cross-linking methods well-known in the art.

The VCAM-IgG enzyme conjugate is then placed in the wells of a multi-well filtration plate, such as that contained in the Millipore Multiscreen Assay System (Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.). Varying concentrations of the test inhibitory compound are then added to the wells followed by addition of VLA-4-expressing cells. The cells, compound and VCAM-IgG enzyme conjugate are mixed together and allowed to incubate at room temperature.

Following incubation, the wells are vacuum drained, leaving behind the cells and any bound VCAM. Quantitation of bound VCAM is determined by adding an appropriate colorimetric substrate for the enzyme conjugated to VCAM-IgG and determining the amount of reaction product. Decreased reaction product indicates increased binding inhibitory activity.

In order to assess the VLA-4 inhibitory specificity of the compounds of this invention, assays for other major groups of integrins, i.e., β2 and β3, as well as other β1 integrins, such as VLA-5, VLA-6 and α4β7 are performed. These assays may be similar to the adhesion inhibition and direct binding assays described above, substituting the appropriate integrin-expressing cell and corresponding ligand. For example, polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) express β2 integrins on their surface and bind to ICAM. β3 integrins are involved in platelet aggregation and inhibition may be measured in a standard platelet aggregation assay. VLA-5 binds specifically to Arg-Gly-Asp sequences, while VLA-6 binds to laminin. α4β7 is a recently discovered homologue of VLA-4, which also binds fibronectin and VCAM. Specificity with respect to α4β7 is determined in a binding assay that utilizes the above-described VCAM-IgG-enzyme marker conjugate and a cell line that expresses α4β7, but not VLA-4, such as RPMI-8866 cells.

Once VLA-4-specific inhibitors are identified, they may be further characterized in in vivo assays. One such assay tests the inhibition of contact hypersensitivity in an animal, such as described by P. L. Chisholm et al., “Monoclonal Antibodies to the Integrin α-4 Subunit Inhibit the Murine Contact Hypersensitivity Response”, Eur. J. Immunol., 23, pp. 682-688 (1993) and in “Current Protocols in Immunology”, J. E. Coligan, et al., Eds., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1, pp. 4.2.1-4.2.5 (1991), the disclosures of which is herein incorporated by reference. In this assay, the skin of the animal is sensitized by exposure to an irritant, such as dinitrofluorobenzene, followed by light physical irritation, such as scratching the skin lightly with a sharp edge. Following a recovery period, the animals are re-sensitized following the same procedure. Several days after sensitization, one ear of the animal is exposed to the chemical irritant, while the other ear is treated with a non-irritant control solution. Shortly after treating the ears, the animals are given various doses of the VLA-4 inhibitor by subcutaneous injection. In vivo inhibition of cell adhesion-associated inflammation is assessed by measuring the ear swelling response of the animal in the treated versus untreated ear. Swelling is measured using calipers or other suitable instrument to measure ear thickness. In this manner, one may identify those inhibitors of this invention which are best suited for inhibiting inflammation.

Another in vivo assay that may be employed to test the inhibitors of this invention is the sheep asthma assay. This assay is performed essentially as described in W. M. Abraham et al., “α-Integrins Mediate Antigen-induced Late Bronchial Responses and Prolonged Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Sheep”, J. Clin. Invest., 93, pp. 776-87 (1994), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. This assay measures inhibition of Ascaris antigen-induced late phase airway responses and airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic sheep.

The compounds of the present invention may be used in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts derived from inorganic or organic acids and bases. Included among such acid salts are the following: acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, methanesulfonate, 2-naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, pamoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3-phenyl-propionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thiocyanate, tosylate and undecanoate. Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts, such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts, such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases, such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glucamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth. Also, the basic nitrogen-containing groups can be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates, such as dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides, such as benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others. Water or oil-soluble or dispersible products are thereby obtained.

The compounds of the present invention may be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions that may be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, buccally, vaginally or via an implanted reservoir. The term “parenteral” as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intra-articular, intra-synovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional and intracranial injection or infusion techniques.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention comprise any of the compounds of the present invention, or pharmaceutically acceptable derivatives thereof, together with any pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. The term “carrier” as used herein includes acceptable adjuvants and vehicles. Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that may be used in the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention include, but are not limited to, ion exchangers, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum proteins, such as human serum albumin, buffer substances such as phosphates, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate, partial glyceride mixtures of saturated vegetable fatty acids, water, salts or electrolytes, such as protamine sulfate, disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salts, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, cellulose-based substances, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylates, waxes, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymers, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

According to this invention, the pharmaceutical compositions may be in the form of a sterile injectable preparation, for example a sterile injectable aqueous or oleaginous suspension. This suspension may be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The sterile injectable preparation may also be a sterile injectable solution or suspension in a non-toxic parenterally-acceptable diluent or solvent, for example as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that may be employed are water, Ringer's solution and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed including synthetic mono- or di-glycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives are useful in the preparation of injectables, as do natural pharmaceutically-acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain a long-chain alcohol diluent or dispersant, such as Ph. Helv or similar alcohol.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form including, but not limited to, capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.

In the case of tablets for oral use, carriers which are commonly used include lactose and corn starch. Lubricating agents, such as magnesium stearate, are also typically added. For oral administration in a capsule form, useful diluents include lactose and dried corn starch. When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, the active ingredient is combined with emulsifying and suspending agents. If desired, certain sweetening, flavoring or coloring agents may also be added.

Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration. These can be prepared by mixing the agent with a suitable non-irritating excipient which is solid at room temperature but liquid at the rectal temperature and therefore will melt in the rectum to release the drug. Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycols.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations are readily prepared for each of these areas or organs.

Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topically-transdermal patches may also be used.

For topical applications, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in a suitable ointment containing the active component suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers. Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of this invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compound, emulsifying wax and water. Alternatively, the pharmaceutical compositions can be formulated in a suitable lotion or cream containing the active components suspended or dissolved in one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl esters wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

For ophthalmic use, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated as micronized suspensions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, or, preferably, as solutions in isotonic, pH adjusted sterile saline, either with our without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic uses, the pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation through the use of a nebulizer, a dry powder inhaler or a metered dose inhaler. Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well-known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation and may be prepared as solutions in saline, employing benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and/or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

The amount of active ingredient that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated, and the particular mode of administration. It should be understood, however, that a specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend upon a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound employed, the age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the particular disease being treated. The amount of active ingredient may also depend upon the therapeutic or prophylactic agent, if any, with which the ingredient is co-administered.

As stated above, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical composition containing an effective amount of a compound of this invention is also within the scope of this invention. An effective amount is defined as the amount which is required to confer a therapeutic effect on the treated patient, and will depend on a variety of factors, such as the nature of the inhibitor, the size of the patient, the goal of the treatment, the nature of the pathology to be treated, the specific pharmaceutical composition used, and the judgment of the treating physician. For reference, see Freireich et al., Cancer Chemother. Rep. 1966, 50, 219 and Scientific Tables, Geigy Pharmaceuticals, Ardley, N.Y., 1970, 537. Dosage levels of between about 0.001 and about 100 mg/kg body weight per day, preferably between about 0.1 and about 10 mg/kg body weight per day of the active ingredient compound are useful.

According to another embodiment compositions containing a compound of this invention may also comprise an additional agent selected from the group consisting of corticosteroids, bronchodilators, antiasthmatics (mast cell stabilizers), antiinflammatories, antirheumatics, immunosuppressants, antimetabolites, immunonodulators, antipsoriatics and antidiabetics. Specific compounds within each of these classes may be selected from any of those listed under the appropriate group headings in “Comprehensive Medicinal Chemistry”, Pergamon Press, Oxford, England, pp. 970-986 (1990), the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference. Also included within this group are compounds such as theophylline, sulfasalazine and aminosalicylates (antiinflammatories); cyclosporin, FK-506, and rapamycin (immunosuppressants); cyclophosphamide and methotrexate (antimetabolites); and interferons (immunomodulators).

According to other embodiments, the invention provides methods for preventing, inhibiting or suppressing cell adhesion-associated inflammation and cell adhesion-associated immune or autoimmune responses. VLA4-associated cell adhesion plays a central role in a variety of inflammation, immune and autoimmune diseases. Thus, inhibition of cell adhesion by the compounds of this invention may be utilized in methods of treating or preventing inflammatory, immune and autoimmune diseases. Preferably the diseases to be treated with the methods of this invention are selected from asthma, arthritis, psoriasis, transplantation rejection, multiple sclerosis, diabetes and inflammatory bowel disease.

These methods may employ the compounds of this invention in a monotherapy or in combination with an anti-inflammatory or immunosuppressive agent. Such combination therapies include administration of the agents in a single dosage form or in multiple dosage forms administered at the same time or at different times.

In order that this invention may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. These examples are for the purpose of illustration only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the invention in any way.

Intermediate 1:

4-(2-methylphenylaminocarbonylamino)phenylacetic Acid (oMePUPA-OH): To a suspension of p-aminophenylacetic acid (56.8 g, 376 mmol) in DMS (150 mL) was added o-tolyl isocyanate (50 g, 376 mmol) dropwise. The reaction mixture was allowed to stir 1 h, and was poured into EtOAc (1.75 L) with stirring. The precipitate was collected and washed with EtOAc (400 mL) and MeCN (400 mL) to provide oMePUPA (80 g, 75%). ESMS m/z (M+H⁺) 285.1.

Intermediate 2:

OMePUPA-Leu-OH: oMePUPA-OH (0.78 g) was combined with Leucine methyl ester hydrochloride (0.50 g, 1.0 eq), HATU (1.10 g, 1.05 eq), and diisopropylethylamine (1.9 mL, 4 eq) in 10 mL dry DMF. The reaction was stirred for 16 h at room temperature after which it was diluted with 50 mL EtOAc, which was washed with 5% citric acid, water, saturated sodium bicarbonate and brine. The resulting organic solution was dried over sodium sulfate filtered and concentrated to yield 1.13 g of white solid. This product was dissolved in 10 mL THF. 5 mL 2N LiOH was added and the reaction was stirred for 16 h. THF was removed under reduced pressure and the solution was diluted with 40 mL water and washed with EtOAc. The aqueous layer was acidified with 1N HCl and was extracted with EtOAc. The organic extracts were washed with dilute HCl and brine, were dried over sodium sulfate, filtered and concentrated under reduced pressure yielding 0.77 g of white solid. ESMS m/z (M+H⁺) 398.5.

Intermediate 3:

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N-(3,5-diChlorobenzenesulfonyl)-Proline Methyl Ester: To a solution of 24.8 g (0.15 mol) of L-Proline methyl ester hydrochloride in 500 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added 70 mL (0.5 mol) of triethylamine with stirring to give copious white precipitate. The mixture was filtered, and the filtrate cooled to 0° C. (ice bath) with stirring. To the cooled solution was added a solution of 36.8 g (0.15 mol) of 3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride in 70 mL of CH₂Cl₂ dropwise quickly over five minutes. The addition funnel was rinsed with an additional 30 mL of CH₂Cl₂, and the cloudy yellow mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature with stirring overnight. The mixture was washed 2× with 400 mL of 1N HCl, 2× with 400 mL of 1N NaOH, then brine, then dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to a yellow oil which crystallized on standing. The material was recrystallized three times from ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 39.3 g (0.116 mol, 77%) of N-(3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonyl)-Proline methyl ester (MW=338) as white needles (TLC on silica vs. 2:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, R_(f)=0.51). M/z=339.3 (M+H⁺). N-(3,5-diChlorobenzenesulfonyl)-Proline; To a solution of 39.3 g (0.116 mol) of the above methyl ester in 250 mL methanol was added 115 mL (0.23 mol) of freshly-prepared 2M aqueous LiOH with stirring to give a colorless solution. This was stirred for three hours, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was reduced by 50% in vacuo and partitioned between 1N HCl and CH₂Cl₂ (˜200 mL each). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was washed again with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phases were combined, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to a white, foamy solid. This was recrystallized twice from ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 33.8 g (0.104 mol, 90%) of the title compound as colorless, broad, flat needles. M/z=325.2 (M+H⁺).

Intermediate 4:

N-(benzenesulfonyl)-Proline Methyl Ester: To a solution of 25 g (0.15 mol) of L-Proline methyl ester hydrochloride in 500 mL of CH₂Cl₂ was added 70 mL (0.5 mol) of triethylamine with stirring to give copious white precipitate. The mixture was filtered and the filtrate cooled to 0° C. (ice bath) with stirring. To the cooled solution was added a solution of 20 mL (0.15 mol) of benzenesulfonyl chloride in 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂ dropwise over fifteen minutes. The addition funnel was rinsed with an additional 25 mL of CH₂Cl₂, and the cloudy, colorless mixture was allowed to warm to room temperature with stirring overnight. The solution was washed 2× with 400 mL of 1N HCl, 2× with 400 mL of 1N NaOH, 1× with brine, then dried (MgSO₄), filtered, and concentrated to a pale yellow solid. This material was recrystallized three times from ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 38.2 g (0.142 mol, 95%) of N-(benzenesulfonyl)-Proline methyl ester (MW=269) as broad white needles (TLC vs. 2:1 hexanes/ethyl acetate, R_(f)=0.35). M/z=270.2 (M+H⁺).

N-(benzenesulfonyl)-Proline: To a solution of 38.2 g (0.142 mol) of the above methyl ester in 500 mL methanol was added 140 mL (0.28 mol) of freshly-prepared 2M aqueous LiOH with stirring to give a colorless solution. This was stirred overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was reduced by 50% in vacuo and partitioned between 1N HCl and CH₂Cl₂ (˜200 mL each). The phases were separated and the aqueous layer was washed again with CH₂Cl₂. The organic phases were combined, dried (MgSO₄), and concentrated to a white solid. This was recrystallized twice from ethyl acetate/hexanes to give 34.7 g (0.136 mol, 96%) of the title compound as fine white needles. M/z=256.2 (M+H⁺).

EXAMPLE 1

Synthesis of Compound IX

Methyl ester Hydrochloride I: In a 500 mL RB flask was suspended 8.4 g (33.3 mmol) 2-N-CBZ-L-2,4-diaminobutyric acid in 200 mL methanol (MeOH) with stirring. This was cooled to 0 degrees C. (ice bath), and then 14.6 mL (200 mmol) SOCl₂ was added dropwise over 15 minutes to give a colorless solution. The solution was allowed to warm to RT and stirred overnight, after which a proton NMR spectrum of an aliquot indicated the reaction was complete. The solution was concentrated, redissolved in MeOH and concentrated 2×, then dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, conc., and placed under high vacuum for 16 hours to give compound I as a slightly yellow foam, massing to 10.33 g (34.2 mmol, 103%). MS: m/z 267 (M+H)⁺.

tert-Butoxycarbonyl methyl ester II: In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 10.33 g (33.3 mmol) of I in dry dimethylformamide (DMF) with stirring to give a colorless solution. To this was added 17.4 mL (100 mmol) of diisopropylethylamine (DIEA), then 7.96 g (32.5 mmol) of Boc-N-Methyl-Leucine, and finally 14.83 g (39.0 mmol) of O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate (HATU) to give a yellow solution. This was stirred overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was diluted with ethyl acetate (EtOAc, 500 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (2×), 1N NaOH (2×), and brine (1×). The organic phase was dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated to a red oil. Chromatography with 2:1 hexanes/EtOAc vs. silica gave 12.56 g (25.5 mmol, 78%) of II as a yellow syrup (HPLC, >99%). MS: m/z 393 (M-BOC)⁺, 494 (M+H)⁺.

Amino ester III: In a 280 mL high-pressure vessel was dissolved 11.38 g (23.08 mmol) of II in 75 mL MeOH with stirring to give an orange solution. The vessel was flushed with nitrogen, and ˜200 mg (catalytic) of 10% palladium on carbon (Pd/C) was added. The sides of the vessel were washed with additional MeOH, and the vessel capped with a hydrogenation head. The mixture was placed under 60 psi H₂ with stirring overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material remained. The mixture was filtered through Celite 545, the filter pad rinsed with additional MeOH, and the filtrate concentrated to a colorless oil, III, massing to 8.29 g (˜quantitative). Material carried through. MS: m/z 360 (M+H)⁺.

Benzyl carbamate methyl ester IV: In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 8.29 g (23.08 mmol) of III in 100 mL CH₂Cl₂ with stirring to give a colorless solution. To this was added 7.0 mL (50 mmol) of triethylamine (Et₃N), then 7.96 g (23.0 mmol) of CBZ-proline hydroxysuccinimide ester (CBZ-Pro-Osu) to give a colorless solution. This was stirred overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material remaining. The solution was diluted with additional CH₂Cl₂, washed with 1N HCl (2×), 1N NaOH (2×), and the organic phase dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated to a colorless oil. Chromatography with 3:1 EtOAc/hexanes vs. silica gave 12.22 g (20.7 mmol, 90%) of IV as a foamy, colorless glass (HPLC, >99%). MS: m/z 490 (M-BOC)⁺, 591 (M+H)⁺.

Amine trifluoroacetate salt V: In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 11.80 g (20.0 mmol) of IV in 120 mL CH₂Cl₂ with stirring to give a colorless solution. To this was added 20 mL (260 mmol, large excess) of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), and the resulting solution was stirred for four hours, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was concentrated, redissolved in CH₂Cl₂ and concentrated (2×), then placed under high vacuum to give 12.1 g (˜quantitative) of V as a pale yellow oil. Material carried through. MS: m/z 491 (M+H)⁺.

Diaryl urea methyl ester VI: In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 12.1 g (20 mmol) of V in 100 mL DMF with stirring to give a pale yellow solution. To this was added 17.4 mL (100 mmol) of DIEA, then 5.68 g (20.0 mmol) Intermediate 1 (oMePUPA-OH), and finally 9.12 g (24 mmol) of HATU to give a yellow solution. This was stirred overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material remaining. The solution was diluted with EtOAc (500 mL) and washed with 1N HCl (2×), 1N NaOH (2×), and brine (1×). The organic phase was dried with MgSO₄, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated to a yellow oil/solid mixture. Chromatography with 2:1 acetonitrile/CH₂Cl₂ vs. silica gave 11.35 g (15.0 mmol, 75%) of VI as a slightly yellow, foamy solid (HPLC, >99%). MS: m/z 757 (M+H)⁺, 779 (M+Na⁺).

Amino methyl ester VII: In a 280 mL high-pressure vessel was dissolved 8.0 g (10.6 mmol) of VI in 50 mL MeOH with stirring to give a slightly yellow solution. The vessel was flushed with nitrogen, and ˜250 mg (catalytic) of 10% Pd/C added. The sides of the vessel were washed with additional MeOH and the vessel capped with the hydrogenation head. The mixture was placed under 60 psi H₂ with stirring overnight, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The mixture was filtered through Celite 545, the filter pad rinsed with additional MeOH, and the filtrate concentrated to give 6.6 g (˜quantitative) of VII as a white solid. Material carried through. MS: m/z 623 (M+H)⁺.

Sulfonamide methyl ester VIII: In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 6.6 g (10.6 mmol) of VII in 100 mL dry CH₂Cl₂ with stirring to give a colorless solution. This was cooled to 0 degrees C. (ice bath), and 4.2 mL (30 mmol) of Et₃N was added, followed by a solution of 3.68 g (15 mmol) of 3,5-dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride in 25 mL dry CH₂Cl₂ added dropwise over 10 minutes. The resulting solution was allowed to warm to RT and stirred for 2 hours, after which HPLC showed no starting material. The solution was diluted with additional CH₂Cl₂ and washed with 1N HCl (2×) and 1N NaOH (2×), then dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and the filtrate concentrated to a yellow solid. Chromatography with 2:1 CH₂Cl₂/acetonitrile vs. silica gave 6.68 g (8.0 mmol, 75%) of VIII as a white solid (HPLC, >99%). MS: m/z 832/833 (M+H)⁺.

Carboxylic acid IX: In a 500 mL RB flask was dissolved 6.26 g (7.53 mmol) of VIII in 150 mL MeOH with stirring to give a colorless solution. This was cooled to 0 degrees C. (ice bath), and nitrogen was bubbled through the stirring solution for 30 minutes. To this was added 19 mL (38 mmol) of freshly-made 2M LiOH solution dropwise over 10 minutes, after which the solution was stirred at 0 degrees C. under nitrogen while the reaction progress was closely monitored by HPLC. After three hours, HPLC showed no starting material remaining. The solution was concentrated with minimal heating (volume reduced ˜50%), and slowly poured, in portions, into ice-cold 1N HCl to give a copious, brilliant-white precipitate. The solid was isolated via filtration, washed with cold distilled water, and air-dried overnight. The resulting fine, white solid was transferred to a glass jar and placed under high vacuum for 72 hours. The final mass was 6.02 g (7.36 mmol, 98%) of IX as a white powder (HPLC, >98%). MS: m/z 818/819 (M+H)⁺, 841 (M+Na⁺).

EXAMPLE 2

Homoserine 4-nitrophenyl Ether Benzyl Ester: To a solution of N-Boc homoserine benzyl ester I (1.2 g, 3.89 mmol), 4-nitrophenol (485 mg, 4.08 mmol) and triphenylphosphine (1.2 g, 4.66 mmol) in THF (10 mL) diethylazodicarboxylate (DEAD) (0.74 mL, 4.66 mmol) was added dropwise and the reaction was stirred at room temperature 12-24 h. Upon completion as judged by LC the solvents were removed to afford a viscous syrup. 4N HCl in dioxane (10 mL) was added rapidly and the solution was stirred at room temperature 3-6 h or until judged complete by LC. The reaction was concentrated to ¼ volume and the product was precipitated out of ehtyl acetate to afford the hydrochloride salt II (96% pure, LC) as a white solid (867 mg, 2.36 mmol, 61%). ESMS: (M−Cl)=331.

To a solution of Intermediate 4 (117 mg, 0.46 mmol) in DMF (3 mL) was added DIPEA (0.27 mL, 1.84 mmol) followed sequentially by the hydrochloride salt II (160 mg, 0.48 mmol) and HATU (239 mg, 0.63 mmol). The solution was stirred at room temperature for 2-4 h until judged complete by LC. The reaction was diluted with ethyl acetate (30 mL) and washed with 5% bicarbonate (10 mL), water (10 mL), citric acid (10 mL), brine (2×10 mL) and dried over sodium sulfate to afford the crude product III as a tan foam (213 mg, 0.37 mmol, 82%) which was used directly.

ESMS: (M+H)=568.

The above material was dissolved in ethyl acetate (15 mL), 10% Pd/C (200 mg) was added and the reaction was subjected to hydrogenolysis at 50 psi for 4-6 h or until judged complete by LC. Filtration through celite and concentration afforded the crude aniline IV (144 mg, 0.32 mmol, 87%) as a tan foam which was used immediately.

ESMS: (M+H)=448.

The aniline (74 mg, 0.17 mmol) obtained above was dissolved in DMF (3 mL) and oMePUPA (52 mg, 0.18 mmol) was added followed by DIPEA (0.08 mL, 0.43 mmol) and HATU (69 mg, 0.18 mmol) and the reaction was stirred at room temperature 3-4 h until complete by LC. Purification by HPLC afforded Bio-8355 (39 mg, 0.054 mmol, 30%) as a white solid.

ESMS: (M+H)=714, (M−H)=712.

Compounds of this invention as shown in the following tables were prepared according to the method described above.

By Method A: Compound # R3 R1 ESMS m/z 5450

610.7 (M + H⁺) 5451

589.3 (M + H⁺) 6668

498.2 (M + H⁺) 6669

468.1 (M + H⁺) 6670

534.5 (M + H⁺) 6671

484.4 (M + H⁺) 6697 oMePUPA-Pro

774.3 (M + H⁺) 6714 oMePUPA-N-MeLeu

804.4 (M + H⁺) 6715

670 (M + H⁺) 6716

686.4 (M + H⁺) 7171

505.2 (M + H⁺) 7172

475.2 (M + H⁺) 7175

541.3 (M + H⁺) 7177

491.6 (M + H⁺) 7514

678.3 (M + H⁺) 7515

662.4 (M + H⁺) 7516

692.3 (M + H⁺) 7517

676.6 (M + H⁺)

By Method B: BIO# R3 R1 ESMS m/z 7855 oMePUPCH2

664.3 (M + H⁺) 7856

560.2 (M + H⁺) 7857

532.1 (M + H⁺) 8066 CH3

440.0 (M + H⁺) 8067 Bn

516.0 (M + H⁺) 8122 oMePUPCH2

539.5 (M + H⁺) 8123

435.4 (M + H⁺) 8147

419.0 (M + H⁺) 8208 oMePUPCH2 CH3 469.0 (M + H⁺) 8209 oMePUPCH2 oMePUPCH2 693.1 (M + H⁺) 8210

CH3 507.9 (M + H⁺) 8211

oMePUPCH2 732.3 (M + H⁺) 8212

771.1 (M + H⁺) 8449 oMePUPCH2

573.0 (M + H⁺) 8450 Bn

425.0 (M + H⁺) 8451

557.9 (M + H⁺) 8452

469.0 (M + H⁺) 8453 oMePUPCH2

600.0 (M + H⁺) 8455

585.0 (M + H⁺) 8456

495.9 (M + H⁺) 8457

546.0 (M + Na⁺) 8458 oMePUPCH2

745.9 (M + H⁺) 8459 Bn

597.9 (M + H⁺) 8460

730.9 (M + H⁺) 8461

641.8 (M + H⁺) 8462 oMePUPCH2 oMePUPA-Leu 806.1 (M + H⁺) 8463 Bn oMePUPA-Leu 658.1 (M + H⁺) 8464

oMePUPA-Leu 791.0 (M + H⁺) 8465

CH3 454.0 (M + H⁺) 8466

CH3 365.0 (M + H⁺) 8519

633.8 (M + H⁺)

By Method C: Compound # R3 R1 ESMS m/z 5801

518.0 (M + H⁺) 5803 oMePUPCH2

650.0 (M + H⁺) 6655

CH3 344.2 (M + H⁺) 7081

546.0 (M + H⁺) 7111

659.7 (M + H⁺) 7117

CH3 351.2 (M + H⁺) 7119 oMePUPCH2 CH3 452.8 (M − H⁺) 7147

602.2 (M + H⁺) 7148

539.1 (M + H⁺) 7150 2-Cl-Bn

642.1 (M + H⁺) 7156 oMePUPCH2

740.2 (M + H⁺) 7157

636.1 (M + H⁺) 7158 CH3

516.2 (M + H⁺) 7231 H

452.1 (M + H⁺) 7233

616.1 (M + H⁺) 7234 oMePUPA-Leu

831.1 (M + H⁺) 7235

642.0 (M + H⁺) 7236

639.0 (M + H⁺) 7241 oMePUPCH2

664.3 (M + H⁺) 7255 PhCH2CO-Pro

667.1 (M + H⁺) 7256 oMePUPA-Pro

815.1 (M + H⁺) 7257 PhCH2CO-Leu

683.1 (M + H⁺)

By Method D: Compound # R1 ESMS m/z 5292

620.8 (M − H⁺) 7080

743.9 (M + H⁺) 7092

875.8 (M + H⁺) 7093

843.8 (M + H⁺) 7109

843.8 (M + H⁺) 7116

905.7 (M + H⁺) 7181

833.1 (M + H⁺) 7200

713.4 (M + H⁺) 7328

685.0 (M − H⁺) 7398

832.1 (M + H⁺) 7662

750.1 (M + H⁺) 8221

832.9 (M + H⁺) 8290

703.1 (M + H⁺) 8291

703.1 (M + H⁺) 8294

720.1 (M + H⁺) 8295

720.1 (M + H⁺) 8308

741.1 (M + H⁺) 8309

803.1 (M + H⁺) 8341

750.0 (M + H⁺) 8493

765.9 (M + H⁺) 8528

966.1 (M + H⁺) 8555

764.0 (M + H⁺) 8571

735.2 (M + H⁺) 8582

826.0 (M + H⁺) 8583

764.1 (M + H⁺) 8586

791.1 (M + H⁺) 8628

763.2 (M + H⁺) 8642

754.0 (M + H⁺) 8674

764.1 (M + H⁺) 8929

686.2 (M + H⁺) 9120

852.2 (M + H⁺) 9140 —CH3 554.2 (M + H⁺) 9169

881.4 (M + H⁺) 9170

783.3 (M + H⁺) 9171

791.3 (M + H⁺) 9182

775.5 (M + H⁺) 9264

764.2 (M + H⁺) 9437

903.3 (M + H⁺)

By Method E: Compound # R3 L R1 ESMS m/z 5800 Ac-Leu-

824.7 (M + H⁺) 7083 oMePUPCH2

850.5 (M + H⁺) 7155 oMePUPCH2 —(CH2)3—

705.9 (M + H⁺) 7168 PhCH2CO—N-Me-Leu —(CH2)2—

565.2 (M + H⁺) 7528

—(CH2)2—

691.0 (M + H⁺) 7530

—(CH2)2—

675.0 (M + H⁺) 7552 oMePUPA-α-N-Me-ε- CBz-Lys— —(CH2)2—

968.1 (M + H⁺) 7578 oMePUPA-N-Me-Gly —(CH2)2—

785.0 (M + Na⁺) 9232 oMePUPCH2

770.2 (M − H⁺) 9233 oMePUPA-Leu

883.6 (M − H⁺) 9234 oMePUPCH2

625.1 (M + H⁺) 9235 oMePUPA-Leu

738.2 (M + H⁺) 9236 oMePUPCH2

786.2 (M + H⁺) 9237 oMePUPA-Leu

897.4 (M − H⁺) 9238 oMePUPCH2

639.1 (M + H⁺) 9239 oMePUPA-Leu

750.1 (M − H⁺) 9270 oMePUPCH2

742.1 (M − H⁺) 9271 oMePUPA-Leu

855.4 (M − H⁺) 9273 oMePUPA-Leu

710.1 (M + H⁺) 9274 oMePUPCH2

758.1 (M + H⁺) 9275 oMePUPA-Leu

869.2 (M + H⁺) 9276 oMePUPCH2

611.0 (M + H⁺) 9277 oMePUPA-Leu

724.1 (M + H⁺)

Other Embodiments

From the above description, one skilled in the art can easily ascertain the essential characteristics of the present invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various usages and conditions. Thus, other embodiments are also within the claims. 

1. A compound having the formula: R³-L-L¹-R¹ wherein R¹ is Z¹-L^(a)-Z² in which Z¹ is aryl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, or —SO₂—; and Z² is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or a bond; where Cy represents cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; L′ is

in which Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, +13NR ^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))—; R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))—; and X is —C(O)OR^(c); where each of R^(c), R^(d), R^(h), and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; L is

in which Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and R³ is a moiety of the formula:

in which R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, where Z⁵ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond, where each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and Z⁶ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, or a bond; Y⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CO—, —O—CO—, —SO₂— and —PO₂—; R⁵ is hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or aryl-substituted alkyl, or R⁵ and R⁶ may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycle of 5 to 7 members; and R⁶ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-fused cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryl-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl, cycloalkenyl-substituted cycloalkyl, biaryl, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aralkoxy, aryl-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, aryl-substituted alkylamino, aryl-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, aryloxy, arylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-substituted alkyl, heterocyclyl-substituted amino, carboxyalkyl substituted aralkyl, oxocarbocyclyl-fused aryl, or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, glutamine, S-methyl cysteine, methionine and corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives thereof, cyclohexylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, alanine, ornithine, histidine, glutamine, norvaline, valine, threonine, serine, beta-cyanoalanine, 2-aminobutyric acid and allothreonine; each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, and Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and Cy is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(g); R^(g) is halogen, amino, carboxy, —COO—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —P(O)(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —SO₂—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —CO—NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxy, CF₃, or aryloxy; and m is 0, 1 or
 2. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z⁵ is aryl; L^(c) is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—; and Z⁶ is aryl.
 3. The compound of claim 2, wherein R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—.
 4. The compound of claim 3, wherein Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO—.
 5. The compound of claim 4, wherein R⁵ is H or C₁₋₂ alkyl.
 6. The compound of claim 5, wherein R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine and 2-aminobutyric acid.
 7. The compound of claim 6, wherein R⁶ is the side chain of leucine or isoleucine.
 8. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl.
 9. The compound of claim 1, wherein L^(a) is —SO₂—.
 10. The compound of claim 1, wherein Z² is azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, piperidine, or morpholine.
 11. The compound of claim 1, wherein said compound is 5192, 5283, 6696, 6697, 6714, 7234, 7256, 7578, 7662, 8221, 8308, 8309, 8341, 8342, 8343, 8367, 8368, 8469, 8491, 8554, 8555, 8571, 8642, 8685, 8689, 8690, 8698, 8749, 8758, 8796, 8797, 8809, 9120, 9169, 9171, 9182, 9227, 9264, 9315, 9418, 9621, 7200, 7328, 7399, 7855, 8205, 8290, 8291, 8294, 8295, 8582, 8583, 8585, 8586, 8628, 8674, 8723, 8746, or
 8629. 12. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is modified with a polyethylene glycol.
 13. A composition comprising a pharmaceutical carrier and a compound having the formula: R³-L-L′-R¹ wherein R¹ is Z¹-L^(a)-Z²-, in which Z¹ is aryl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, or —SO₂—; and Z² is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or a bond; where Cy represents cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; L′ is

in which Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))— R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))—; and X is —C(O)OR^(c); where each of R^(c), R^(d), R^(h), and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; L is

in which Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and R³ is a moiety of the formula:

in which R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, where Z⁵ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond, where each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and Z⁶ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, or a bond; Y⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CO—, —O—CO—, —SO₂— and —PO₂—; R⁵ is hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or aryl-substituted alkyl, or R⁵ and R⁶ may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycle of 5 to 7 members; and R⁶ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-fused cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryl-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl, cycloalkenyl-substituted cycloalkyl, biaryl, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aralkoxy, aryl-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, aryl-substituted alkylamino, aryl-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, aryloxy, arylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-substituted alkyl, heterocyclyl-substituted amino, carboxyalkyl substituted aralkyl, oxocarbocyclyl-fused aryl, or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, glutamine, S-methyl cysteine, methionine and corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives thereof, cyclohexylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, alanine, ornithine, histidine, glutamine, norvaline, valine, threonine, serine, beta-cyanoalanine, 2-aminobutyric acid and allothreonine; each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, and Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and Cy is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(g); R^(g) is halogen, amino, carboxy, —COO—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —P(O)(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —SO₂—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —CO—NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxy, CF₃, or aryloxy; and m is 0, 1 or
 2. 14. The composition of claim 13, wherein Z⁵ is aryl; L^(c) is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—; and Z⁶ is aryl.
 15. The composition of claim 14, wherein R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—.
 16. The composition of claim 15, wherein Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO—.
 17. The composition of claim 16, wherein R⁵ is H or C₁₋₂ alkyl.
 18. The composition of claim 17, wherein R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine and 2-aminobutyric acid.
 19. The composition of claim 18, wherein R⁶ is the side chain of leucine or isoleucine.
 20. The composition of claim 13, wherein Z¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl.
 21. The composition of claim 13, wherein L^(a) is —SO2—.
 22. The composition of claim 13, wherein Z² is azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, piperidine, or morpholine.
 23. The composition of claim 13, wherein said compound is 5192, 5283, 6696, 6697, 6714, 7234, 7256, 7578, 7662, 8221, 8308, 8309, 8341, 8342, 8343, 8367, 8368, 8469, 8491, 8554, 8555, 8571, 8642, 8685, 8689, 8690, 8698, 8749, 8758, 8796, 8797, 8809, 9120, 9169, 9171, 9182, 9227, 9264, 9315, 9418, 9621, 7200, 7328, 7399, 7855, 8205, 8290, 8291, 8294, 8295, 8582, 8583, 8585, 8586, 8628, 8674, 8723, 8746, or
 8629. 24. The composition of claim 13, wherein the compound is modified with a polyethylene glycol.
 25. A method of inhibiting VLA-4-dependent cell adhesion, comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of the following formula: R³-L-L′-R¹ wherein R¹ is Z¹-L^(a)-Z²-, in which Z¹ is aryl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl; L^(a) is —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, or —SO₂—; and Z² is heteroaryl, heterocyclyl, or a bond; where Cy represents cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclyl, aryl, or heteroaryl; L¹ is

in which Y¹ is —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—S(O)₂—, or —NR^(c)—C(NR^(d))— R² is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; Y² is a bond or —C(R^(h))(R^(i))_; and X is —C(O)OR^(c); where each of R^(c), R^(d), R^(h), and R^(i), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; L is

in which Y³ is a bond, C₁₋₅ alkyl, or C₁₋₅ alkenyl; and Y⁴ is a bond, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —C(O)—, —NR^(c)—, or —O—, where R^(c) is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and R³ is a moiety of the formula:

in which R⁴ is Z⁵-L^(c)-Z⁶-, where Z⁵ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkenyl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkynyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkenyl, or heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkynyl; L^(c) is —C(O)—, —S(O)_(m)—, —O—C(O)—, —C(O)—O—, —C(O)—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—, —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—, —SO₂—NR^(c)—, —NR^(c)—SO₂—, —O—, —NR^(c)—, or a bond, where each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is H or C₁₋₅ alkyl; and Z⁶ is aryl, aryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, heteroaryl, heteroaryl-C₁₋₁₀-alkyl, or a bond; Y⁵ is selected from the group consisting of —CO—, —O—CO—, —SO₂— and —PO₂—; R⁵ is hydrogen, aryl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, or aryl-substituted alkyl, or R⁵ and R⁶ may be taken together with the atoms to which they are attached to form a heterocycle of 5 to 7 members; and R⁶ is alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, aryl-fused cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, aryl, aralkyl, aryl-substituted alkenyl or alkynyl, cycloalkyl-substituted alkyl, cycloalkenyl-substituted cycloalkyl, biaryl, alkenoxy, alkynoxy, aralkoxy, aryl-substituted alkenoxy or alkynoxy, alkylamino, alkenylamino or alkynylamino, aryl-substituted alkylamino, aryl-substituted alkenylamino or alkynylamino, aryloxy, arylamino, heterocyclyl, heterocyclyl-substituted alkyl, heterocyclyl-substituted amino, carboxyalkyl substituted aralkyl, oxocarbocyclyl-fused aryl, or an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of arginine, asparagine, glutamine, S-methyl cysteine, methionine and corresponding sulfoxide and sulfone derivatives thereof, cyclohexylalanine, leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, phenylalanine, phenylglycine, tyrosine, tryptophan, proline, alanine, ornithine, histidine, glutamine, norvaline, valine, threonine, serine, beta-cyanoalanine, 2-aminobutyric acid and allothreonine; each of R^(c) and R^(d), independently, is selected from the group consisting of H, C₁₋₁₀ alkyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkenyl, C₂₋₁₀ alkynyl, Cy, and Cy-C₁₋₁₀ alkyl; wherein each of alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl and Cy is optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from R^(g); R^(g) is halogen, amino, carboxy, —COO—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —P(O)(OH)₂, —P(O)(OH)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, —P(O)(OH)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —P(O)(O—C₁₋₄ alkyl)(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —SO₂—C₁₋₄ alkyl, —CO—NH₂, —CO—NH(C₁₋₄ alkyl), —CO—N(C₁₋₄ alkyl)₂, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, aryl, aryl-C₁₋₄ alkoxy, hydroxy, CF₃, or aryloxy; and m is 0, 1 or
 2. 26. The method of claim 25, wherein Z⁵ is aryl; L^(c) is —NR^(c)—C(O)—NR^(d)—; and Z⁶ is aryl.
 27. The method of claim 26, wherein R⁴ is o-methylphenyl-ureido-phenyl-CH₂—.
 28. The method of claim 27, wherein Y⁵ is —CO— or —O—CO—.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein R⁵ is H or C₁₋₂ alkyl.
 30. The method of claim 29, wherein R⁶ is an amino acid side chain selected from the group consisting of leucine, isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, tert-leucine, norleucine, alanine, norvaline, valine and 2-aminobutyric acid.
 31. The method of claim 30, wherein R⁶ is the side chain of leucine or isoleucine.
 32. The method of claim 25, wherein Z¹ is phenyl optionally substituted with Cy, —CO—R^(d), halogen, oxo, or aryl-substituted alkenyl.
 33. The method of claim 25, wherein L^(a) is —SO₂—.
 34. The method of claim 25, wherein Z² is azetidine, pyrrole, pyrrolidine, imidazole, piperidine, or morpholine.
 35. The method of claim 25, wherein said compound is 5192, 5283, 6696, 6697, 6714, 7234, 7256, 7578, 7662, 8221, 8308, 8309, 8341, 8342, 8343, 8367, 8368, 8469, 8491, 8554, 8555, 8571, 8642, 8685, 8689, 8690, 8698, 8749, 8758, 8796, 8797, 8809, 9120, 9169, 9171, 9182, 9227, 9264, 9315, 9418, 9621, 7200, 7328, 7399, 7855, 8205, 8290, 8291, 8294, 8295, 8582, 8583, 8585, 8586, 8628, 8674, 8723, 8746, or
 8629. 36. The method of claim 25, wherein the compound is modified with a polyethylene glycol. 